Topic Test T2 W4 (musculoskeletal system)

Question 1

Joint Types

Answer 1

Fibrous Joints= Skull
Cartilaginous Joints= Ribs and Sternum
Synovial Joints= Most Joints

Question 2

Gliding Joint

Answer 2

Allows sideways gliding only

Joints of vertebrae

Question 3

Saddle Joint

Answer 3

Allows forward, backward, and sideways movement

Located in thumbs

Question 4

Hinge Joints

Answer 4

Allows only bending and straightening movement

Knees or elbows

Question 5

Pivot Joints

Answer 5

Allow limited rotating movements 
Neck joints (vertebrae)

Question 6

Ellipsoidal Joints

Answer 6

All types of movement except pivotal

Wrist Joints

Question 7

Ball and Socket Joint

Answer 7

Allow backward, forward, sideways, rotating movements

Shoulder and hip joints

Question 8

Hyaline Cartilage

Answer 8

Description: Collagen fibres chondroblasts produce the matrix
Function: flexible, supports and reinforces. Resists compressive stress
Location: Ribs, nose, trachea, larynx

Question 9

Elastic Cartilage

Answer 9

Description: matrix with elastic as well as collagen fibres
Function: maintains shape of structure while allowing great flexibility
Location: external ear and epiglottis

Question 10

Fibro Cartilage

Answer 10

Description: rows of thick collagen fibres alternating with rows of chondrocytes
Function: tensile strength with the ability to absorb compressive shock
Location: meniscus and intervertebral discs

Question 11

Cartilage Cells

Answer 11

Chondrocytes

Question 12

Muscles

Answer 12

Tissue required for movement (involuntary or voluntary movements)

Question 13

Skeletal Muscle

Answer 13

Attached to the skeleton via tendons, required for voluntary movements of body
e.g lifting arm

Question 14

Origin

Answer 14

Attached to the bone and doesn’t move during movement

Question 15

Insertion

Answer 15

Attached to the bone and does move during movement

Question 16

Synergist/Fixator

Answer 16

Muscles that steady a joint during other movements preventing unwanted movements

Question 17

Myofibrils (muscle fibres)

Answer 17

Made of myofilaments which are made of protein

Two filament types that are myosin and actin

Question 18

Neuromuscular Junction

Answer 18

Where nerves meet muscle

Synaptic knob of neutron fits into a depression on the muscle fibre wall called the muscle end plate

Question 19

Sliding Filament Model

Answer 19

How muscles contract
Actin filaments sliding over myosin filaments
Nerve impulse causes calcium ions to be released within the muscle which connect actin producing binding site
Myosin attaches to actin
Myosin drag actin towards sarcomere centre
Shortens sarcomere creates movement

Question 20

Functions of skeleton

Answer 20

Support
Storage areas (fats)
Movement 
Protection
Blood cell production

Question 21

Axial Skeleton

Answer 21

Central Axis
Main support for erect posture
Protects the organs of the thorax
Includes skull, vertebral column, ribs and sternum

Question 22

Vertebral Column

Answer 22

Consists of vertebrae
Encloses and protects spinal cord
Supports the head

Question 23

Appendicular Skeleton

Answer 23

Bones of upper and lower limbs and the pectoral and pelvic girdles

Question 24

Pectoral Girdle

Answer 24

2x Scapula and Clavicle
Attached to the axial skeleton at the sternum
Allows wide range of movement

Question 25

Upper limbs

Answer 25

``` Humerus Radius Ulna Carpals Metacarpals Phalanges ```

Question 26

Pelvic Girdle

Answer 26

Supports weight of body | Consists of ilium, pubis, ischium

Question 27

Lower limbs

Answer 27

femur Tibia Fibula Patella

Question 28

Compact Bone

Answer 28

Rigid bone that makes up outside of the long bone

Question 29

Spongy Bone (cancellous)

Answer 29

Porous bone that makes up the central regions of the bone | It’s large spaces are filled with red bone marrow

Question 30

Diaphysis (long bone)

Answer 30

Shaft of the bone | Made of compact bone

Question 31

Medullary Cavity (long bone)

Answer 31

Cavity inside the diaphysis | Contains yellow marrow

Question 32

Yellow Marrow (long bone)

Answer 32

Storage of fats to use in extreme situation

Question 33

Epiphysis

Answer 33

Enlarged ends of the bone | Articular Cartilage covers ends

Question 34

Epiphyseal Plate (long bone)

Answer 34

Where bones grow from | Plate fuses once grow is complete

Question 35

Periosteum (long bone)

Answer 35

White fibrous layer surrounds bone | Contains nerves and blood vessels

Question 36

Osteoblasts

Answer 36

Bone building cells

Question 37

Osteocytes

Answer 37

Mature bone cells

Question 38

Osteoclasts

Answer 38

Bone degrading cells

Question 39

Trabeculae

Answer 39

Mesh work of bony plates making up spongy bone

Question 40

Haversian Canal

Answer 40

Canal at centre of osteon | Contains a blood vessel, a nerve, and a lymph vessel

Question 41

Volkmanns Canal

Answer 41

Haversian canals are interconnected via volkmanns | Contain a blood vessel, lymph vessel and a nerve

Question 42

Lamellae

Answer 42

Layers of matrix formed around haversian | Osteoblasts between each lamellae

Question 43

Lacunae

Answer 43

Fluid filled cavities within lamellae | Contain osteocytes

Question 44

Canaliculi

Answer 44

Interconnecting canals joining lacunae to each other and to the Haversian canal

Question 45

Osteoporosis

Answer 45

Bones become more brittle and fragile increasing the risk of fracture

Question 46

Osteoporosis (Causes)

Answer 46

``` Bones losing minerals faster than body can replace Hereditary factors Medicines Vitamin deficiency Ageing ```

Question 47

Osteoporosis (symptoms)

Answer 47

Fractured bones Bone density decreases Bone deformation

Question 48

Osteoporosis (treatment)

Answer 48

Vitamin D | Calcium

Question 49

Osteoarthritis

Answer 49

Articular Cartilage is lost causing degeneration of the Joint

Question 50

Osteoarthritis (causes)

Answer 50

Cartilage degenerates and is lost from the joint. This is caused by a build up of water in the cartilage due to aging

Question 51

Osteoarthritis (symptoms)

Answer 51

``` Pain •Stiffness (particularly in the morning) •Swelling •Joints that are warm to touch •Grinding in joint •Limited movement •Bony knobs near joints. ```

Question 52

Osteoarthritis (treatment)

Answer 52

Weight loss and exercise –strengthens muscles and can stimulate cartilage growth. Vitamins C and E and – can prevent further loss. Heat – relieves pain Physiotherapy