Topic Test T2 Wk2 (digestion & excretion)

Question 1

Digestive System Functions

Answer 1

Ingestion of food 
Absorption of digested food 
Mechanical digestion
Chemical digestion
Elimination of waste

Question 2

Mouth

Answer 2

Mechanical Digestion: teeth and tongue undertake chewing

Chemical Digestion: salivary amylase breaks down carbohydrates

Question 3

Swallowing

Answer 3

Tongue forms food into bolus

Peristalsis carries bolus into stomach through waves of muscle contraction

Question 4

Stomach

Answer 4

Mechanical Digestion: muscular churning producing chyme
Chemical Digestion: protein into amino acids through gastric juices containing gastric protease
Leaves stomach via pyloric sphincter

Question 5

Duodenum

Answer 5

Mechanical Digestion: contraction
Mechanical Digestion: lipid emulsification by bile (breaking up)
Chemical Digestion: through pancreatic amylase, pancreatic lipase and protease

Question 6

Small Intestine

Answer 6

Contain finger like projections called villi

Increases surface area for nutrient absorption

Question 7

Enzymes in SI

Answer 7

Intestinal Amylase
Intestinal Lipase
Intestinal Protease

Question 8

Absorption in SI

Answer 8

Glucose, amino acids, water, minerals are absorbed into blood capillaries
Fatty acids and glycerol absorbed into lacteals in the lymphatic system

Question 9

Large Intestine

Answer 9

No villi, no enzymes

Water and vitamin absorption

Question 10

Liver

Answer 10

Produces bile

Bile is stored in gall bladder and carried to duodenum

Question 11

Pancreas

Answer 11

Secretes pancreatic juice into duodenum

Controls blood insulin levels

Question 12

Rectum and Anus

Answer 12

Faecal storage and defecation

Anal sphincter muscles open allowing waste to be expelled

Question 13

Mechanical Digestion

Answer 13

Breakdown of food into smaller particles without changing its chemical makeup

Question 14

Teeth

Answer 14

4x incisors
2x canines
4x premolars
6x molars

Question 15

Incisors

Answer 15

Chisel shaped for cutting and biting

Question 16

Canines

Answer 16

Cone shaped for tearing

Question 17

Premolars and molars

Answer 17

Broad crown with rounded cusps, for grinding and crushing

Question 18

Chemical Digestion

Answer 18

Breakdown of large molecules into smaller molecules with a different chemical structure
Involves enzyme

Question 19

Breakdown of carbohydrates

Answer 19

In the mouth
Broken down by salivary amylase
Then broken down in the duodenum by pancreatic amylase
Then broken down by intestinal amylase

Question 20

Breakdown of protein

Answer 20

Broken down in stomach by gastric protease

Continues in duodenum with pancreatic protease breaking dipeptides to peptides

Question 21

Breakdown of lipids

Answer 21

First emulsified by bile salts in the duodenum via mechanical
Broken down by intestinal lipases

Question 22

Villi

Answer 22

Finger like projections
Hold microvilli
Create large surface area

Question 23

What is a Absorbed?

Answer 23

The glucose and amino acids pass into blood capillary of villi
They go to liver in hepatic portal vein and continue in circulatory system
Fatty acids and glycerol go into lymphatic vessels in villi called lacteals

Question 24

Water Absorption

Answer 24

Occurs in colon (large intestine)

Question 25

Defacation

Answer 25

Undigested waste is stored in rectum until sphincter opens and is expelled through anus

Question 26

Excretion

Answer 26

Removal of harmful byproducts of metabolism by the body

Question 27

Kidney has....

Answer 27

3 layers cortex, medulla and renal pelvis

Question 28

Cortex

Answer 28

Dark brown outer layer | Contains renal columns which provide into medulla

Question 29

Medulla

Answer 29

Darker middle layer | Contains triangular structures called renal pyramids

Question 30

Renal Pelvis

Answer 30

Edge contains cup like extensions called major calyces Each subs divides into several Each surround the tip of the renal pyramid

Question 31

Nephron

Answer 31

The functional unit of the kidney is the nephron Produce urine and filter blood Begins in cortex

Question 32

Renal Corpuscle

Answer 32

Consists of a double walled cup that surrounds a knot of capillaries

Question 33

Loop of Henle

Answer 33

Connected to proximal convoluted tubule is a hairpin loop which passes into a pyramid in medulla Tube heading down- descending limb of loop of henle Tube heading up- ascending limb

Question 34

Distal Convoluted tubule

Answer 34

Twisted tube attached to ascending limb of loop of henle

Question 35

Blood Supply

Answer 35

Blood enters kidney through renal artery, branches into arterioles into glomerulus Blood leaves glomerulus via afferent arteriole

Question 36

Three stages of urine production

Answer 36

Filtration Reabsorption Secretion

Question 37

Filtration

Answer 37

1. Blood enters kidney via renal artery 2. Afferent arterioles lead to capillaries of glomerulus 3. Water and dissolved substances filter out of the blood into glomerular capsule 4. Fluid carried via efferent arteriole to proximal convoluted tube

Question 38

Reabsorption

Answer 38

Substances move fork renal tubules to capillaries Water, glucose, sodium ions etc are reabsorbed Reabsorption begins in proximal convoluted tubules and continues in loop of henle etc

Question 39

Secretion

Answer 39

Hydrogen ions, potassium ions, ammonia and certain drugs out of the blood into kidney tubules. Where they eventually are eliminated in urine (Occurs in distal convoluted tubules)

Question 40

Excretion

Answer 40

Urine is carried to calyces to ureters to the bladder and the exterior bus urethra

Question 41

Factors affecting urine composition

Answer 41

Exercise Environment Diet Alcohol

Question 42

Deamination

Answer 42

Stripping of nitrogen from amino acids and nitrogen bases Conversion of excess amino acids into urea Nitrogen is toxic to human body must be removed Occurs in liver