Toxicological Testing

Question 1

a regression technique used to analyze binomial responses of variables.
It is used to characterize dose response curves for biologic assays in agriculture.
Authored by__

Answer 1

-Probit analysis

-David John Finney in 1947

Question 2

Implantation of tumor cells or patient-derived tissues on the extraembryonic membrane of developing chick embryo

Answer 2

CAM Assay

Question 3

plant extracts, fungal toxins, heavy metals , cyanobacteria toxins, pesticides, cytotoxicity testing of dental material and nanostructures.

Answer 3

Brine shrimp assay

Question 4

used for identifying and evaluating toxic reactions when test materials are in contact with the skin, penis, and eyes

Answer 4

DRAIZE ACUTE SKIN IRRITATION TEST

Question 5

developed to provide a method for
assessing the irritation potential of materials that might accidentally come in contact with human eyes.

Answer 5

DRAIZE EYE IRRITATION TEST

Question 6

the production of reversible damage of the skin following the application of a
test chemical for up to 4 hours.

Answer 6

Dermal irritation

Question 7

the production of irreversible damage of the skin; namely, visible necrosis
through the epidermis and into the dermis, following the application of a test chemical for up to four hours.

Corrosive reactions are typified by ulcers, bleeding, bloody scabs, and, by the end of observation at 14
days, by discolouration due to blanching of the skin, complete areas of alopecia, and scars. Histopathology
should be considered to evaluate questionable lesions.

Answer 7

Dermal corrosion

Question 8

potential health risks associated with dermal application of a liquid or solid test substance, suggests using sequential testing methods, which may involve conducting approved in vitro or ex vivo tests for corrosion/irritation.

Answer 8

OECD 404 Acute dermal Irritation/ Corrosion

Question 9

an in vitro procedure allowing the identification of non-corrosive and corrosive substances and mixtures in accordance with UN GHS, assessment of skin corrosivity.

Answer 9

Test Guideline 430 In Vitro Skin Corrosion: Transcutaneous Electrical Resistance Test Method

Question 9

is a measure of the electrical impedance of the skin, as a
resistance value in kilo Ohms. A simple and robust method of assessing barrier function by recording the passage of ions through the skin using a Wheatstone bridge apparatus.

Answer 9

Transcutaneous Electrical Resistance (TER)

Question 10

a measure of accuracy for a test method that produces categorical results and is an important
consideration in assessing the relevance of a test method

Answer 10

Specificity

Question 11

means chemical elements and their compounds in the natural state or obtained by any production process, including any additive necessary to preserve the stability of the product and any impurities deriving from the process used, but excluding any solvent which may be separated without
affecting the stability of the substance or changing its composition.

Answer 11

Substance

Question 12

a measure of accuracy for a test method that produces categorical results, and is an important
consideration in assessing the relevance of a test method

Answer 12

Sensitivity

Question 13

Description of relationship of the test method to the effect of interest and whether it is meaningful and useful for a particular purpose. It is the extent to which the test method correctly measures or predicts the biological effect of interest. Relevance incorporates consideration of the accuracy (concordance) of a test method

Answer 13

Relevance

Question 14

This is a measure of test method performance for test methods that give a categorical result,
and is one aspect of relevance.

Answer 14

Concordance

Question 15

closeness of agreement between test method results and accepted reference values. It is a measure of test method performance and one aspect of relevance. The term is often used interchangeably with “concordance” to mean the proportion of correct outcomes of a test method

Answer 15

Accuracy

Question 16

provides an in vitro membrane barrier test method that can be used to identify corrosive chemicals and allows the sub-categorization of corrosive test chemicals according to the UN GHS, used to make decisions on the corrosivity and non-corrosivity of specific classes of chemicals.

Answer 16

OECD 435 In Vitro Membrane Barrier Test Method for Skin Corrosion

Question 17

provides an in vitro procedure that may be used for the hazard identification of irritant chemicals (substances and mixtures) in accordance with UN GHS
Category 2, can also be used to identify non-classified chemicals.

Answer 17

OECD 439 In Vitro Skin Irritation: Reconstructed Human Epidermis Test Method

Question 18

MTT

Answer 18

3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide; Thiazolyl blue tetrazolium
bromide.

Question 19

Can be estimated by determination of the concentration at which a benchmark chemical reduces the viability of the tissues by 50% (IC50) after a fixed exposure time, see also ET50.

Answer 19

IC50

Question 20

Can be estimated by determination of the exposure time required to reduce cell viability by 50% upon application of the benchmark chemical at a specified, fixed concentration, see also IC50.

Answer 20

ET50

Question 21

Parameter measuring total activity of a cell population e.g. as ability of cellular
mitochondrial dehydrogenases to reduce the vital dye MTT (3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide, Thiazolyl blue), which depending on the endpoint measured and the test design used, correlates with the total number and/or vitality of living cells.

Answer 21

Cell viability

Question 22

The test animals are initially exposed to the test chemical by intradermal injection and/or epidermal application (induction exposure).

Answer 22

OECD/OCDE 442A: Skin Sensitisation Guinea Pig Maximisation Test and Buehler Test

Question 23

sensitizers induce proliferation of lymphocytes in the lymph nodes draining the site of test substance application. This proliferation is proportional to the dose and to the potency of the applied allergen and provides a simple means of obtaining a quantitative measurement of sensitization.

Answer 23

Skin Sensitization: Local Lymph Node Assay

Question 24

This procedure reveals the potential dangers of injecting or topically applying the test chemical to the skin.

• Magnusson and Kligman adjuvant-based Guinea Pig Maximisation Test (GPMT)
  -non-adjuvant Buehler Test

Answer 24

SKIN SENSITISATION

Question 25

A technique for locating and characterizing skin sensitization
risks is the mouse local lymph node test (LLNA).

used in this situation to both identify contact allergens and assess the
relative potency of skin sensitizing substances. The assay is based on the measurement of proliferative responses by draining lymph node cells induced following topical exposure of mice to test chemicals. Such responses serve as a pertinent marker for
the assessment of contact allergy potential since they are known
to be causally and quantitatively connected with the development of skin sensitization.

Answer 25

OECD 442B Local lymph node assay: BRDU-ELISA or –FCM

Question 26

useful for identifying skin sensitising and non-sensitising test
chemicals, with certain limitations.

Answer 26

442B: Local lymph node assay: BRDU-ELISA or FCM

Answer 27

442C:
Inchemicoskin
sensitisation
assays
addressingthe
AdverseOutcome
PathwayKeyEvent
onCovalent
Bindingto
Proteins