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Toxicology Flashcards

(93 cards)

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1
Q

studies the cellular and biochemical effects of toxins

A

Mechanistic toxicology

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2
Q

provide insights to therapeutics and
improved laboratory tests that would assess the degree of exposure of poisoned
individuals

A

Mechanistic toxicology

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3
Q

studies animal exposure to poisons and use the findings to interpret what would be the level that would be considered lethal for humans

A

Descriptive toxicology

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4
Q

important in risk assessment, which would be
establishing the standards that describe the level of exposure of certain substances that will be a public health or safety risk.

A

Descriptive toxicology

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5
Q

medicolegal consequences of toxin
exposure

A

Forensic toxicology

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6
Q

special focus on the validation of analytic methods to ascertain the cause of death

A

Forensic toxicology

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7
Q

involves studying interrelationships between toxin exposure and disease states

A

Clinical toxicology

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8
Q

includes diagnostic testing and therapeutic
interventions

A

Clinical toxicology

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9
Q

gathers and evaluates the data derived from mechanistic and descriptive studies to determine standards that define the level of exposure that is not considered harmful to public health or safety

A

Regulatory toxicology

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10
Q

identification of toxic substances through
laboratory analysis of body fluids, wastes or tissues.

A

Analytical toxicology

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11
Q

involves the study of substances that contaminate food, water, soil, or the atmosphere.

A

Environmental toxicology

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12
Q

responsible for the delivery of safe and edible food supply to consumers.

A

Food toxicology

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13
Q

studies the health effects from exposure to toxic substances in the workplace.

A

Occupational toxicology

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14
Q

Actual amount of chemical that enters the body.

A

dose

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15
Q

dose was given over a short period of time usually within 24 hours

A

acute exposure

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16
Q

dose was given over a long period of time

A

chronic exposure

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17
Q

Contact with a chemical that can occur one time or occur on a short-term or long-term basis

A

Exposure

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18
Q

describes the relationship between exposure and health effect, often determined by measuring the effect relative to the dose.

A

Dose-
response

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19
Q

Exogenous agents causing adverse effects on biological systems and are often used to describe chemicals derived from animals,
plants, minerals, or gas

A

Poisons

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20
Q

effect of a chemical exposure that will produce injury to one kind of living organism but has no effect to another closely related living organism.

A

Selective
toxicity

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21
Q

dose or exposure level below which the harmful effects of the chemical are not seen in a population.

A

Threshold
dose

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22
Q

Threshold
dose also known as

A

no observed adverse effect level (NOAEL) or the no effect level (NEL)

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23
Q

Threshold
dose is not applicable to

A

cancer-causing
substances

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24
Q

fatal effects of toxins to the body after exposure through the different routes with a chemical.

A

Toxic

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25
is any chemical that can injure or kill humans, animals, or plants; used when talking about toxic substances that are produced by or are a by-product of human-made activities.
Toxicant
26
Endogenous substances that are produced naturally in living organisms.
Toxins
27
The degree to which a chemical substance damages an organ system, disrupts a biochemical process or disturbs an enzyme system
Toxicity
28
The amount it takes to elicit a toxic effect compared with other chemicals
Potency
29
This is done for some toxic exposures, such as blood lead levels or metabolites of chemicals
Biologic monitoring
30
4 routes of exposure
inhalation injection ingestion skin (transdermal absorption)
31
fastest route for toxins to enter the systemic circulation
inhalation
32
damage by inhalation is determined by
concentration size of molecule solubility in blood respiratory rate respiratory tract condition length of exposure
33
route most often seen in clinical settings
ingestion
34
absorption of toxin in GI tract depends on
concentration in target organ chemical and physical form distribution metabolism length of time in target tissue
35
can also introduce toxic susbtances to the blood
injections
36
examples of injection methods
intravenous intramuscular subcutaneous
37
another term for skin route of exposure
transdermal absorption
38
skin is more permeable to
fat-soluble chemicals
39
any exposure less than 24 hours up to 72 hours
acute exposure
40
require less than 24 hours for toxicity
Toxic gases
41
describes repeated exposures to a substance for greater than 72 hours but less than 1 month.
Subacute
42
continuous or repeated intermittent exposure
chronic exposure
43
period extending beyond 3 months, between acute and chronic
sub chronic exposure
44
Most adverse drug reactions and most complications are usually associated with
continuous or intermittent repeated
45
defined as the cumulative action of its absorption, biotransformation and elimination.
disposition
46
factors that could affect chemical disposition
biochemical nature of the toxicant exposure route exposure dose site of action
47
the disposition is dependent on the processes of
absorption biotransformation elimination
48
the process by which toxicants cross body membranes and enter the bloodstream.
Absorption
49
main sites of absorption
GI tract lungs skin
50
most common cause of unintentional exposure to a toxicant
Accidental ingestion
51
intentional overdoses most frequently occur via
oral route
52
If a toxicant is an organic acid or base, this tends to be absorbed by __, existing in its most ____
simple diffusion lipid soluble form
53
The amount of chemical that could enter the systemic circulation after oral administration depends on the
amount absorbed into the GI cells, biotransformation by the GI cells extraction by the liver into the bile
54
phenomenon of the removal of chemicals in the liver before entrance into the systemic circulation.
first- pass effect
55
a certain chemical with high first- pass effect, then this will have _____ absorption
lower
56
absorption of the toxicant depends on
solubility dissolution rate pH presence of food, digestive enzymes, bile acids, bacterial microflora motility and permeability of the GI tract.
57
acts as a primary barrier in absorption of inhaled gases
nose
58
a film of fluid retains gas molecules if they:
are very water soluble react with cell surface components
59
the smaller the particle, the _______ into the respiratory tree the particle will deposit.
further
60
Soluble particles may dissolve in the
mucus
61
Particles that are ____ and smaller penetrate the alveolar sacs of the lungs.
1μm
62
have the greatest likelihood of depositing in the alveolar region
Nanoparticles
63
The overall removal of particles from the alveoli is relatively efficient. T/F
F
64
outermost layer, is the single most important barrier to preventing absorption of xenobiotics into the body.
stratum corneum
65
important factors of stratum corneum
thickness integrity hydration status
66
generally absorbed quickly
Lipophilic (lipid-loving) compounds
67
the movement of compounds through the layers of the skin
passive diffusion
68
Absorption is indirectly proportional to the
molecular size
69
introduces the toxicant directly into the bloodstream, which surpasses the process of absorption
Intravenous route
70
results in rapid absorption because of the rich blood supply and the relatively large surface area of the peritoneal cavity
Intraperitoneal injection
71
absorbed at slower rates but eventually enter the systemic circulation
Subcutaneous and intramuscular injections
72
primary factors that could influence distribution into the cells of a particular organ or tissue
Blood flow rate of diffusion out of the capillary bed
73
When the toxicants are concentrated in a specific tissue which may or may not be their site of toxic action, the area is described as a
storage depot
74
5 storage depots in the body
plasma liver kidney fat bone
75
major protein in plasma that binds many different compounds as compared to other proteins.
albumin
76
Because of their high molecular weight, plasma protein-bound toxicants cannot easily cross capillary walls. T/F
T
77
In plasma, Toxicity is typically manifested by the amount of xenobiotic that is
unbound
78
high binding capacity to plasma proteins
low toxicity
79
could compete for endogenous substances that are bound to albumin
xenobiotics
80
have high capacity for binding a range of chemicals, either toxicant or therapeutic drugs.
liver and kidney
81
has a rich supply of blood and thus may attain high initial concentration of a xenobiotic.
liver
82
protective in some way since this storage depot enables the toxicant to not be stored in the target organ.
body fat storage depot
83
obesity causes ______ toxicity for lipophilic toxicants
less severe
84
fat is rapidly mobilized causes
sudden increase in concentration of chemical
85
Xenobiotics are deposited into bones as a result of the exchange taking place between the bone surface and the
ECF
86
for a toxicant to be excreted through the urine, it has to undergo
biotransformation.
87
process of converting fat- soluble chemicals (which are readily absorbed from the GI tract and other sites) into water-soluble chemicals, which are readily excreted into the urine or bile.
Xenobiotic biotransformation or drug metabolism
88
major routes of excretion
urine stool
89
mechanisms the kidney uses to remove end products from the body
glomerular filtration tubular excretion by passive diffusion and active tubular secretion.
90
important consideration in urine excretion
age - incomplete kidney dev at birth, more slowly in newborns
91
relatively slow process that is a major pathway of elimination only for compounds that have low rates of biotransformation and/or low renal or biliary clearance.
intetsinal excretion
92
Gut microflora are capable _______ but favors ______ than secretion
biotransformation reabsorption
93
most important contributing source to fecal excretion
biliary route (liver > bile/ hepatic venous blood)

CC2 (11 decks)

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