Tumor markers

Question 1

5 characteristics of ideal tumor markers

Answer 1

specific
lead time
sensitive
short half life
cost effective

Question 2

highly specific to a given tumor and absent in healthy populations

Answer 2

specific

Question 3

present in measurable amounts even in small tumor growth

Answer 3

lead time

Question 4

low false positive rates

Answer 4

sensitive

Question 5

correlates woth progression or regression of malignancy

Answer 5

short half life

Question 6

acceptable to yarget population and easily obtainable sample

Answer 6

cost effective

Question 7

Two classification of tumor markers

Answer 7

according to location
according to chemical structure

Question 8

classification of tumor markers according to location

Answer 8

circulating tumor markers
tumor tissue marker

Question 9

found in urine, blood stool and other body fluids and determined by RMT

Answer 9

circulating tumor markers

Question 10

found in tissue biopsy and determined by pathologist

Answer 10

tumor tissue marker

Question 11

function of circulating tumor marker

Answer 11

1. estimate prognosis
2. detect residual disease
3. assess treatment response
4. monitor resistance to therapy

Question 12

function of tumor tissue marker

Answer 12

1. diagnose, stage, classify tumor
2. estimate prognosis
3. select appropriate treatment

Question 13

types of tumor markers according to chemical structure

Answer 13

1. enzyme
2. hormone
3. oncofetal antigen
4. tumor associated antigen
5. special serum proteins
6. miscellaneous markers

Question 14

enumerate enzyme tumor markers

Answer 14

1. ACP
2. ALP
3. LDH
4. tdt
5. neuron-specific enolase

Question 15

ACP

Answer 15

> 3 ng/mL
advanced phase of prostatic cancer

Question 16

ALP

Answer 16

metastases of bone, liiver and osteogenic sarcomas

Question 17

LDH

Answer 17

lung
cervix
colon
leukemia
lymphoma

Question 18

tdt

Answer 18

terminal deoxyribonucleotidyl transferase
leukemia

Question 19

neuron specific enolase

Answer 19

neuroblastoma
brain tumor
small cell tumor of the lungs

Question 20

enumerate hormone tumor markers

Answer 20

1. b-hCG
2. catecholamine
3. calcitonin
4. adenocorticotropic hormone
5. thymidine kinase

Question 21

beta HCG

Answer 21

hormone chorionic gonadotropin
1. trophoblastic tumors
2. choriocarcinoma
3. germ cell tumor of ovary and testes

pregnancy, hydatidifor moles

Question 22

catecholamines

Answer 22

pheochromocytoma
neuroblastoma
ganglioneroma

Question 23

calcitonin

Answer 23

medullary thyroid tumor

Question 24

adenocorticotropic hormone

Answer 24

adrenal
cell carcinoma of lungs

Question 25

thymidine kinase

Answer 25

leukemia lymphoma brain tumor breast cancer small cell lung cancer

Question 26

enumerate oncofetal antigen

Answer 26

1. alpha fetoprotein 2. carcino embryonic antigen

Question 27

AFP

Answer 27

95-100% sensitivity and specificity for primary liver or hepatocellular cancer 60% for nonseminoma germ tumor for prostate, lung, ovary, testes, gastric

Question 28

CEA

Answer 28

colorectal cancer breasts lung and other metastases

Question 29

enumerate tumor associated antigen

Answer 29

1. CA 15 3 2. CA 125 3. CA 19 9 4. PSA

Question 30

CA 15 3

Answer 30

Breast cancer prostatic, ovarian, gastrointestinal, cervical

Question 31

CA 125

Answer 31

Ovarian cancer breast benign and malignant gynecological diseases (endometriosis, endometiiral cancer, cervical cancer, ovarian cancer) non gynecological (lung, prostatic, peritoneal malignant mesothelioma)

Question 32

CA 19 9

Answer 32

pancreatic and liver cancer colorectal ovarian gastrointestinal

Question 33

PSA

Answer 33

prostatic cancer

Question 34

enunerate special serum proteins

Answer 34

1. ferritin 2. thyroglobulin 3. beta 2 microglobulin 4. bombesin 5. S 100

Question 35

ferritin

Answer 35

leukemic states 1. leukemia 2. lymphoma (Hodgkin's lymphoma) others 1. prostatic 2. liver 3. lung

Question 36

thyroglobulin

Answer 36

follicular thyroid carcinoma

Question 37

beta 2 microglobulin

Answer 37

lung pancreatic colorectal breast especially: LYMPHOMA CHRONIC LYMPHOID LEUKEMIA

Question 38

bombesin

Answer 38

1. pancreatic cancer 2. neuroblastoma 3. gastric cancer 4. small cell carcinoma of lungs

Question 39

S 100

Answer 39

meningioma astrocytoma neurinoma glioblastoma prognostic factor: MALIGNANT MELANOMA

Question 40

enumerate miscellaneous markers

Answer 40

1. polyamines 2. nucleosides 3. tissue polypeptide antigen

Question 41

enumerate polyamines

Answer 41

spermine spermidine putrescine urine in rapid regeneration of cells in certain tissues

Question 42

nucleosides

Answer 42

1. dimethylguanosine 2. pseudoridine eneter circulation in large amounts in enhanced cellular proliferation

Question 43

non specific marker of enhance cellular proliferation

Answer 43

tissue polypeptide antigen