Toxicology 2

Question 1

clinical syndromes that comprise a variety of
clinical signs and symptoms that suggest a specific class of poisoning

Answer 1

Toxic syndromes or “Toxidromes”

Question 2

Anticholinergic toxidromes

Answer 2

picking movements
abnormal speech
agitation
apprehension
tremor
confusion
hallucination

Question 3

Cholinergic toxidromes (acetylcholine neurotransmitter)

Answer 3

Cardiotoxicity (tachydysrhythmia or bradydysrhythmia)
muscular weakness
respiratory failure (increased airway
resistance, neuromuscular failure and depression of central respiratory centers)

Question 4

Opioid toxidromes

Answer 4

Bradycardia
coma
hypotension
hypothermia
respiratory depression

Question 5

Sedative hypnotic toxidromes

Answer 5

Diplopia (seeing 2 images instead of one)
nystagmus (involuntary, repetitive and rapid eye movements)

Question 6

Sympathomimetic (norepinephrine
neurotransmitter)

Answer 6

CNS excitation
diaphoresis
hypertension
hyperpyrexia
mydriasis (unusual widening or dilation of the pupils)

Question 7

Abnormal speech, agitation, apprehension, confusion, hallucination, picking movements and tremor

Answer 7

Anticholinergic

Question 8

Cardiotoxicity (tachydysrhythmia or bradydysrhythmia), muscular weakness, respiratory failure (increased airway resistance, neuromuscular failure and depression of central respiratory centers)

Answer 8

Cholinergic

Question 9

Bradycardia, coma, hypotension, hypothermia and respiratory depression

Answer 9

Opioid

Question 10

Diplopia (seeing 2 images instead of one) and nystagmus (involuntary, repetitive and rapid eye movements)

Answer 10

Sedative hypnotic

Question 11

CNS excitation, diaphoresis, hypertension, hyperpyrexia and mydriasis (unusual widening or dilation of the pupils)

Answer 11

Sympathomimetic

Question 12

four types of chemical interactions

Answer 12

additive
synergistic
potentiation
antagonistic

Question 13

occurs when the combined effect of two chemicals is equal to the sum of the effect of each agent alone.

Answer 13

additive effect

Question 14

when the combined effects of two chemicals are
much greater than the sum of the effects of each agent given alone.

Answer 14

synergistic effect

Question 15

when the toxic effect of one chemical is enhanced in the presence of a toxicologically unrelated agent.

Answer 15

Potentiation

Question 16

opposing actions of two or more chemical
agents or when these chemicals interfere with each other’s actions

Answer 16

Antagonistic

Question 17

3 TYPES OF TOXICITY?

Answer 17

Immediate versus delayed toxicity
Reversible versus irreversible toxicity
Local versus systemic toxicity

Question 18

occur rapidly after a single administration of the
substance

Answer 18

Immediate toxic effects

Question 19

occur after the lapse of some time

Answer 19

delayed toxic effects

Question 20

Most toxic substances produce _____toxic effects, except _____

Answer 20

immediate
carcinogenic chemicals (20-30 yrs)

Question 21

determines reversible versus irreversible toxicity

Answer 21

ability of the injured tissue to regenerate

Question 22

Toxic injuries to the ______ are often reversible
______ are irreversible

Answer 22

liver
CNS

Question 23

chemicals considered to have irreversible toxic effects.

Answer 23

Carcinogenic and teratogenic

Question 24

occurs at the site of first contact

Answer 24

Local toxicity

Question 25

requires metabolism of the toxic substance from its entry point to a distant site, wherein deleterious effects are produced.

Answer 25

systemic toxicity

Question 26

Most substances produce (Local versus systemic)

Answer 26

systemic effects

Question 27

Target organs in order of frequency of involvement in systemic toxicity are

Answer 27

CNS circulatory system (blood, hematopoietic system) visceral organs (liver, kidney, lung, skin)

Question 28

seldom target tissues for systemic effects.

Answer 28

Muscle and bone

Question 29

Allergic reactions typically involve a ___ complex to illicit an immune response.

Answer 29

hapten-protein

Question 30

refers to a genetically determined abnormal reaction to a chemical

Answer 30

chemical idiosyncrasy

Question 31

histogram that basically describes the comparison of responses of a therapeutic drug over a range of doses.

Answer 31

dose-response curve

Question 32

x-axis of dose-response curve

Answer 32

logarithm concentration of the drug

Question 33

y- axis

Answer 33

response effect

Question 34

highest dose of a drug or chemical at which no response is measured

Answer 34

no observable effect level (NOEL),

Question 35

the dose at which an effect is first measured

Answer 35

lowest observable effect level (LOEL)

Question 36

the dose of the drug that would be predicted to produce a toxic response in 50% of the population

Answer 36

TD50

Question 37

the dose that would be predicted to be effective or having a therapeutic benefit in 50% of the population.

Answer 37

ED50