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Clinical Chem Snoopy style > Toxicology > Flashcards

Toxicology Flashcards

(69 cards)

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1
Q

T/F highest incidence is with adults, then teens then kids

A

False, highest incidence is with Kids <5yrs, then teens then adults

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2
Q

Describe Toxicology

A

study of adverse effects of xenobiotics in humans

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3
Q

Describe Xenobiotics

A

chem/drug not normally found in human body/nor produced

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4
Q

What are the three disiplines of toxicology

A

Mechanistic
Descriptive
Regulatory

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5
Q

Describe mechanistic toxicology
wdrb

A

cellular/molecular/biochem effects with dose response basis for developement

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6
Q

Describe Descriptive toxicology

A

Animal experiments to predict levels in humans/risk assesment

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7
Q

Describe regulatory Toxicology

A

combined data with mechanistic/descriptive to create standards, levels of exposures and works with most government agencies

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8
Q

Briefly describe the Specialities in toxicology
Forensics: A
Clinical: DS
Environmental

A

Forensics: establish analytical test methods, cause of death

Clinical: Relationship xeno/disease states/diagnosis

Environmental: Chemicals/enviroments

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9
Q

Describe Xeno poisons
hint: what kind of agents

A

exogenous Agents

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10
Q

T/F: xeno environment exposures are ABX, anti-depr

A

true

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11
Q

Describe poisions

Toxins

Toxic

A

animal/plant/mineral/gas

Toxins - endogenous, biosynth in living cells (botulism/snakes)

Toxic - not produced in living cells

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12
Q

T/F 50% of poisions are by suicides
30% accidental
rest is occupational/homicides

A

true

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13
Q

What are common routes in posionings

A

ingestion,inhalation,transdermal

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14
Q

Describe Ingestions briefly
what kind of effect?
how is it diffused?
must be able to?
what kind of lipid solubility?

A

systemic effect - must be absorbed into circulation
PASSIVELY DIFFUSED
must be able to cross barrier
hydrophobic

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15
Q

T/F toxins not absorbed are local effects with diarrhea and bleeding

A

true since it is not in cirulatory system

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16
Q

Describe dose response relation
central theme
establish/correlate?

A

central theme: all substances have possibility to cause harm
establish index
must correlate with dose that will cause harmfull effect

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17
Q

Describe oral dose responses and their lethal compounds
single acute dose…..
most xenos…
super toxic

A

single acute dose w probability of lethal compound in a 154lb male
most xenobiotics produce pathos other than death
SUPER TOXIC <5MG/DL

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18
Q

Describe TD50
LD50
ED50

A

Toxic dose 50%
lethal/death 50%
Effective dose 50%

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19
Q

What is the theraputic index

Large TI

Quantal dose relationship

A

ratio of TD50 to LD50 to the ED50

Large TI: fever/toxic/adverse effects when dose is in T.R

Q-dose: change in health effects of a defined population based on exposure to xenobiotic

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20
Q

Acute vs Chronic Toxicity

A

A- single short term exp to substance, dose is sufficient to cause immed toxic effect
C - repeated exp. to peroids of time, doses insufficient to cause response

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21
Q

T/F chronic toxicity may affect different systems than acute

A

true

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22
Q

Analysis of agents
D
H
Targetting:
e
s
c

A

drug screen
heavy metal panels
Targetting: environmental risk, supportive invest
clinical susp

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23
Q

Analysis of agents: Specific types
examples of samples

A

blood/urine
forensic: serum/plasma/hair

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24
Q

Describe Toxokinetics
unique?
coordinates with?
t?

A

uniqure absorb, distrib, metab, elim
Coordinate w selection of specimen
timing of collection

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25
T/F "trace elements free" blood collect tubes - ROYAL BLUE TOPS Tan tops - lead testing
True
26
Describe the two step process GC-MS LC-MS ICP-MS
screening/rapid/simple LACK SPECIFICITY Confirmatory GC-MS (organic) LC-MS (analytical tech) ICP-MS (inorganic)
27
Describe Alcohols Toxic effect most common what biotransformation Met pathway
toxic effect gen/specific most have sim effect to equiv. [ ] MOST COMMON DEPRESSANT ON CNS biotransf of alc - toxic met path: ALC - ADH - ADLEHYDE - ALDH ACID
28
Describe Ethanol Exposure top 10... affects what organ Key role Met pathway
exposure common excessive consumption Top 10 causes of hosp. admission LIVER adduct formation w/ ACETALDEHYDE (KEY ROLE) ETH - ACETALD - ACE- ACETALD ADDUC
29
What is the legal limit for Alc/eth
.08mg/dl
30
Describe Methanol common in ingestion of what whats the bad acid in it and what does it cause
common lab solvent house hold cleaner accidental ingest w homemade liquor FORMIC ACID - severe met. acidosis
31
Describe Isopropanol what kind of product similar to? acute phase?
end product of acetone similar CNS depressant like ethanol severe acute phase
32
Describe Ethylene glycol what is it found in taste? who? causes?
hydrolic fluid/antifreeze sweet alcohol dependency/kids severe met acidosis/renal damage
33
T/F Ethanol uniformly distributes in body - use serum to test BAL
true
34
What do you use on a sample to prevent bacterial fermentation
Sodium Fluoride
35
What are some analytical methods of toxicology what kind of testing? (ex. osm) increase osmolarity = increae serum osmo =
osmom,chromatography,enzyme Incr osmolarity = inc ethanol Incres serum osmo = 10/60 ethanol
36
T/F osmol gap = measured - calc osmo and is not specific to ethanol
true
37
T/F enzymatic methods dont use non human term of ADH to oxidize ethanol to acetaldehyde and NAD - NADH
false, they do use non human
38
Headspace GC coupled w flame ionization --- ref method? v? compared to?
ref method saturation sodium chloride - volitile into headspace compared to standard n-propanol
39
Describe Carbon Monoxide imcomplete combustion of characteristics COHB binding sites Ingestion vs aspiration
incompl. combustion of carbon containing substances Colorless/tasteless/smellless COHB - 200x affinity for O2 Competes for binding sites (treat w 100% O2 therapy) INGESTION GREATEST HAZARD aspiration pulmonary edema
40
Describe Cyanide toxic? common in? high what levels binds to? clearance in?
supertoxic common suicide agent HIGH LACTIC LEVELS binds to heme iron Clearance in kidney
41
Describe Arsenic where is it found people? 3 groups organic is found in?
natural/manmade env. exposure/occupational homicide/suicide Groups: Arsine gas ingorganic form organic form Organic in seafood
42
t/f arsenic does not bind to proteins and cant change structures
false it does bind to proteins and can change structures
43
Describe Cadmium Electro...galu found in hazards? foods? toxic to which organ what dysfunction
electro/galunizing paint/plastics batteries Environmetal hazard - tobacco Cadmium rice Toxic to kidneys PARATHYROID DYSFUNC AND VIT D
44
Describe Lead found in? wide inhibits accum? whos at worse risk?
indust. products paint/gasoline widely dissem. in body inhibits enzymes Accum in kidneys infants at worst risk/kids
45
Describe mercury what 3 metal forms how does it get inside people? Elemental form Calfonic form organic form?
metal 3 forms: environ. inorgan salts compound of organic compounds Accidental igestion industrial setting common Elemental mercury - poor effects caflonic mercury - moderatley toxic Organic mercury - toxic extreme
46
T/F Most common route of mercury is ingestion
true
47
What are some disease states mercury posioning causes? organic forms?
thyroditis and necrosis of intestines binary inhibits enzymes Organic forms are rapidly absorbed and increased in the brain
48
Describe pesticides where is it found toxic effects? how long does it last? Where is the most frequent route
insecticides..etc occupational and in homes potential toxic effects short term contaminated food - frequent route of exposure
49
Describe Salicylate type of drug? common name? what syndrome? Acute injestion causes? Treatment?
Theraputic drugs Asprin Reyes syndrome w/ viral infection in kids Acute injestion: metabolic acidosis (hyperventilation) Treatment: neutralize acid
50
T/F common method of salicylate testing is with chromogenic assay
true
51
Describe Acetomenophen common name overdose causes? binds to? most concern?
Tylenol - common analgesic Overdose - hepatictoxicity Bind high to proteins/low free fractions MOST CONCERN MPO onset hepatic damage - 3-5 days
52
Describe drugs of abuse d/o substance abuse: typically found:
drug overdose (ID agent) Substance abuse: OTC use of recreational drugs Typically found in urine (recent drug abuse)
53
T/F DOA testing cant show difference between acute/chronic abuse/time frame/dosage
true
54
Describe DOA testing what kind of approach may auto detect? screening pannel
two tiered approach screen and spot test/may auto detect chemicals of related substances High spec/sensitivity GC-MS Screening pannel: + drug above cut off - drug blow cut off
55
Describe methaphetimines/amphetimines therapy for? Stim? Chronic use? Overdose? Otc? Cross reactivity? Confirmation?
Therapy for ADD/narcolepsy Stimulator with high abuse potential Chronic use: dependancy/tolerance Overdose rare OTC-ephedrine/pseudo are related chemicals Urine cross react with OTC Confirm with GC-MS
56
Describe sedatives/hypnotics What do they do? What types are most common for abuse and most found? what does it cause? What increases potency?
CNS depressants wide roles/abuse BARBITURATES/BENZODIAZEPINES (most common for abuse and most found) Respiratory depression - serious toxic effect Potency increased with ethanol use
57
Describe Barbiturates how quick? presence?
Sleep inducers "downers" after cocaine high fast acting presence use within 3 days
58
Describe Benzodiazapines addiction? met? found? diazapam? +?
CNS depressants eff/low addiction metabolized quickly only found in urine 5-20 + DIAZAPAM - IN URINE WITHIN 30 MIN
59
Describe Cannaboids THC what type of compound most abundant? chronic use/elim? major product? testing sensitivity?
phsychoactive compound in weed THC most abunt - hashish Chronic use not well established Slow elimination MAJOR PRODUCT - THC-COOH tetsing is sensitive: passive inhalation
60
T/F THC is not rapidly removed by lipophine
false it is?
61
T/F THC is passively diffused into the brain and fats
true
62
Describe Cocaine local? high? alk... acute tox rapid?
local anesthetic High concentration potent CNS stimulator Alkaloid salt Acute toxicity- hypertension Rapid hepatic hydrolysis to inactive metabolism excreted in urine
63
T/F cocaines primary factor that determines toxicity is dose and route? whats worse?
true, worse is IV then smoking
64
Describe Opioids an related chem mod: common synth: abuse? acute overdose/high level overdose?
anesthesia related to opium poppy Chem mod: heroine, oxy Common synth: Fentanyl High abuse Acute overdose: respiratory acidosis High level overdose: death
65
Describe TCAs attemps blocks?
depression/mood disorders suicide attempts block serotonin/noepinephrine 3 ring chemical structure
66
Describe MDMA how is it taken? eliminated? how much in urine?
ecstacy 200 types orally, eliminated hepatic 20% in urine
67
Describe PCP what kind of drug? adverse effects? chronic use?
"angel dust" illicit drug/anetsthetic Adverse: paranoia/agitation Chronic heavy use 30 times a day
68
T/F PCP laced things are lipophilic
true and they go to your brain and fat
69
Describe Anabolic steroids
testosterone increase muscle mass underground labs - toxic hepatitis/stroke/myocardial infarction Enlarged heart Males: testicular atrophy/sterility Females: breast reduction/masculine traits

Clinical Chem Snoopy style (8 decks)

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