Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Clinical Chem Snoopy style > Tumor Markers > Flashcards

Tumor Markers Flashcards

(70 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

Describe Cancer
2nd leading cause of?

% of M/F that will develop invasive cancer?

lifetime risk of dying%?

A

2nd leading cause of mortality in developing countries

42% males 38% females will develope invasive cancer in their lifetime

Lifetime risk of dying M23% F19%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

T/F marginalized groups are at higher risk,

what are some other factors/groups?

A

True

other factors are radicals/ethnic/sexual

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Describe cancer and its definition

A

caused by uncontrolled growth of cells that form a new solid mass or tumor (neoplasm) - may be benign or malignant

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is metastasis

A

spreading to other areas of the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are the most common cancer types in M/F?

A

M: prostate/lung/other
F: breast/lung/other

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

T/F Thyroid cancer is common in men

A

false, it isn’t too often in men

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

T/F there were 1.6mil new cases of cancer in 2020

A

true

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Describe the steps of cancer progression

A

proliferation - transformation - invasion - metastasis - vacularizaiton

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Describe cancer staging 1-4

A

Stg 1 - localized primary tumor
stg 2 - invasion of tumor cells
stg 3 - into lymph nodes
stg 4 - metastisied invasion of distant tissues

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Describe the overall theme of types of tumor markers

produced ?

A

biomarkers found in blood/tissues and when elevated, are linked to cancers

Produced directly by tumor or as an effort of tumor on healthy tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Describe the variety of diverse molecules in tumor markers briefly
n
m
r
e
O (describe what this is also)

A

normal
metabolic
receptor
enzymes
oncofetal Ag: produced during fetal development and elevated in cancer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

T/F the enzymes that are elevated are specific and largely result from high metabolism

A

false, they are not specific but do result from high metabolism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

T/F the demand of proliferative cells tend to correlate w/ tumor burden/clinically useful for therapy successes

A

true

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Describe
Prostate specific Ag
Lactic dehydrogenase
Alkaline phosphatase

A

PSA: prostate cancer
LD: Hematologic
AP: bone/hepatic/leukemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Describe Serum Protein markers
what do they do?
B-macroglob?

Immunoglobulins (MM) specif. meas

A

monitor cancer treatment

B-macroglob: located on surface of all nucleated cells
nonspecific marker of high cell turnover, common in tumors

Igs (MM) - specific measures of plasma cell production of monoclonal proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Describe Endocrine tumor markers
what kind of malignancies
diagnosis of?

A

endocrine malignancies
valuable in diagnosing Neuroblastomas, pituitary/adrenal adenomas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Describe oncofetal Ag
first?/expressed
when is it “turned on”
Acronyms?

A

first classes of tumor markers
expressed transiently during normal development

Turned on in formation of tumors
CEA (Alpha fetoprotein) AFP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Carbohydrate cancer Ag tumor markers

monoclonal defined…

Directed?

Best use? - tumors that sec..

A

monoclonal defined as Ag identified from human tumor extracts/cell lines

Ab directed towards specific carbohydrate/cancer Ag

Best use for monitoring treatment of tumors that secrete epitopes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Describe receptor tumor markers
Classify
serological
helps chose

A

classify tumors for therapy
serological methods
helps chose between endocrinde/cytotoxic therapies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Describe application of tumor marker detection
Ideal markers?

A

ideal markers: Tumor specific
absent in healthy individuals
readily detected in body fluids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

T/F numerous markers are ID/d with high sensitivity and specificity to be used on targeted bases and aid in diagnosis

A

true

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Briefly describe risk and screening assessments
weigh what?
no tumor mark?
most found in?

A

weigh benefit of disease with harms of over treatment (false pos)

No tumor marker can effectively screen asympt populations

Most found in normal/beningn cells as well as cancer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Describe targeted screenings

A

high incidence in a population

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Describe family hxt of disease
ID what?

A

ID germline mutations
(breast/ovarian/colon)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
What are the breast/ovarian tumor markers?
BRCA1/BRCA2
26
Describe family colon cancers what gene? amount of people who will develop by _ yrs?
APC gene - 9% of people with gene will develop colon cancer by 40yrs
27
T/F T.M concentration decreases with tumor progression When does it have high levels
false it increases, has high levels with metastisis
28
Describe levels of diagnosis reflect help p may ind high
reflect agressiveness of cancer help predict outcome may indicate malignancy/metastis high levels - poor prognosis
29
T/F presence or absence of T.M are valuble
true, can be used to determine treatment
30
T/F T.M levels can be used to monitor cancer and can be followed serially
true
31
Lab considerations: unique characteristics and concentrations of T.M have what two categories 1.) lack 2.) underrange
1.) lack of standardization makes comparison of serial results difficult (assay designs/calibrations..etc) 2.) Underrange of tumor marker concentration encountered clinically (Na 12-160) HGC 10-10,000,000
32
Describe Immunoassays Advantages Unique factors Linearity a/s inc sample =
common method Adv: automated testing, ease of use Unique factor: assay linearity/Ag excess (hook effect) potential for hetrophile Ab Linearity: span of analytical concentration which linear relationship exists between analyte/signal (samples over range = T.M)
33
T/F dilutions are done with immunoassays with T.M and must be carefully considered of diluent/awareness of risk of errors w/ manual calculations
true
34
Describe the Hook Effect analyte concentration captured? lack? actual concentration?
analyte concentration exceeds the range excessively - Ag excess with very high Ag []. Captured Ab becomes saturated "lack of sandwich" actual concentration underestimated dilutions needed typically only in sandwich assays
35
Describe Heterophile Ab
individual with cirulating Ab against the reagents significant interference with assasys
36
Describe subsets of Heterophile Abs Human? HAMAS?
Human anti-animal Ab HAMAs: 3 causes pt given mouse monoclonal Ab exposure to mice/idopathic
37
What are some common analytical concerns with T.M assays?
Icteras lipemia hemolysis Ab cross reactivity Carry over
38
Describe HPLC used? what kind of metabolites? detects? extraction?
high precision liquid chromatography used to detect small molecules (Endocrine metabolites) detects CATECHOLAMINE MET. in urine/plasma extraction process applied to column separated by charge/size/polarity
39
Describe Catecholamines met. diagnostic types? t p n
diagnostic carcinoid tumor/pheochromocytoma/neuroblastoma
40
Describe Neuroblastoma malig in increased Acronym
malignancy in kids increased epinephrine/norepin/dopamine HVA
41
Describe Pheochromocytoma what kind of tumor increased? what happens to urine?
rare tumor w/ hypertesion increased plasma met. Urine vanilly
42
Describe Carcinoid Tumors secretes? where? what metabolite? 5...
seritonin sectreting tumors small intestines serotonin metabolite (5-HdA)
43
Describe the HPLC detection advantages disadvantages
used to detect hormones/metabolites secreted by tumors diagnosis/monitoring Adv: NO HOOK EFFECT No lot to lot variation No heterophile Ab Dis: Labor intensive More experience than automated
44
Describe Immunohistochemistry/fluorescense what aspirate specific incubated w ? presence? uses?
solid tissue tumor markers (not in circulation) Fine needle aspirate/biopsy specific Ab incubated w/ tissue sections - pres/abs of Ag - uses calormetric/fluorecsense Ab
45
example of immunohistochem/fluorescn. in the ID of estrogen in breast cancer pos neg
pos - normal neg - chemotherapy
46
Describe Enzyme Assays most cant be used to? ALP LDH PSA
most elemental enzymes cant be used to specifically ID a tumor Except PSA (used before immunoassy/oncofetal ag) ALP: Bone/liver/leuk/sarcoma LDH: liver/lymphoid/leuke PSA: prostate
47
Describe AFP testing abund. spp- cp normally? other elevations?
alpha-fetoprotein abund. serum proliferation - carcino. protein normally synth. by fetal liver/re-expressed Other elevations in pt w hepatocellular carcinoma HCC and serum cell tumors
48
Describe regulation and physiology of alpha fetoprotein testing ALB What type of protein/what does it do? regulates? peaks? healthy adults? infants?
Glycoprotein - ALB (Normal transport protein) Involved in regulating fetal onconic pressure Peaks at 1/10 alb levels at 30wks gestation Healthy adults - upper norm 15mg/dl infants high to low (age 7-10 months)
49
Clinical usefullness of AFP diagn of elevated in tumor is located where can be caused by spcificity? range?
diag/stag/progression of HCC Can be elevated in preg/malignancies HCC tumor in the liver: can be caused by chrome disease high elevated AFP NOT specific >500mg HCC
50
Describe Testicular cancer subtypes tumor staging?
several subtypes seminomatous - malignant germ cells Nonseminomatous - diff. into carcinoma Tumor staging 10-20 Stg 1 30-80 Stg 2 90-100 Stg 3
51
T/F AFP is used with HCG to calssify nonseminomatous tumors
true
52
what is the ovarian cancer Ag useful in? w/o May be elevated in?
CA-125 Usefully for detecting tumors at an early stage monitor treatment w/o surgical May be elevated in pts with endomitriosis/1st tri of preg/menstration
53
T/F seromarkers for ovarian cancer are not for screening in asympt pts
true
54
What are the immunoassay markers for ovarian cancer? What are the levels for staging?
OC125/M11 Ab 50% stg1 90% stg 2 >90% stg 3/4
55
t/f post-menopause with high levels >95 and palpable mass is positive 90% for OC125
TRUE
56
Describe Cacinoembryonic Ag (CEA) proto expressed widely used for ID of large elevated in increased in
prototypical oncofetal Ag expressed during development/re-exp in tumors Widely used for COLORECTAL tumors/lung/breast/GI Large Heterogenous glycoprotein/Ig superfamily May be elevated in liver damage Increased in smokers/radiation pts
57
T/F Baseline for CEA before surgical rescetion/post surgery to continue removal drop to refrence ranges after 1-4 mos
true
58
Describe HCG (human chorinic gonadotropi) dim secreted by elevated tumors of progn diagn maintains
dimeric glycoprotein hormone secreted by trophoblasts elevated in troph. tumors Tumors of ovaries/testes Progn for ovarian cancer Diagn for testicular cancer Maintines corpus leteum in 1st trimester
59
T/F HCG is not a good marker to detect gestational troph. disease (GTDs) HCG levels in women with GTDs odten higher than pregn It can be used with AFP for subtyping
false it is True true
60
Is HCG/GTDs cleared by the FDA
no
61
T/F etopic B-HCG occur elevated in ovarian linging and free B HCG is senstive and specific for aggressive neoplasma
true
62
Describe PSA glycopr produced regulates dissolves most is total?
prostate specific Ag glycoprotein produced in epith. cells of acini and prostate Regulate seminal fluid viscosity DISSOLVE CERVICAL MUSCUS CAP Most circulating is bound TOTAL PSA to screen/monitor cancer
63
T/F malignancies with prostate cancer dont have low levels of free PSA
false they do
64
PSA: What is PCA-3 used for Whos at risk / age PSA cut off? What must you use? Can recent ejaculations interfere? Unique considerations?
PCA3 used to adress lack of specificity Age 50yrs Highest risk black americans PSA <2....cut off 4.0 MUST USE FLUORECNESE recent ejeculatios can interfere HOOK EFFECT/HAMAS
65
Describe Cancer Ag 15-3 (CA-15-3) M expressed resposible for what kind of pts?
Mucin 1 (MUC1) normally expressed in gland/epith cells of mammary glands/esoph..etc responsible for encoding tumor Ags CA15-3 and CA-27-29 Breast cancer pts
66
Describe Carb Ag 19-9 what ag? what doesnt express? lacks? what type of cancer?
mod. lewis (lewa) blood group Ag Le-a-b dont express CA-19-9 (lacks fuicosyl) Pancreatic cancer
67
T/F not all lewis Ag - pts with pancreatic cancer are non secretors of CA19-9
true
68
Describe Immunoglobulin free light chains (FLC) mm wm mono...controlled by what spike? chains/testing? clin applications? 1.) what assay 2.) baseline 3.) monitor pt w
MM increase free light chains WM (IgM monoclonal) monoclonal gammopathy controlled by IFE M spike on SPE 2 chains, K or L - nephelometry 3 clinical applications: 1.) PLC assay 2.) baseline provides diag, in plasma cell dyscarias 3.) monitor pt with previous non sec. myeloma
69
Describe HE4 R
function unknown ovrexpression in ovarian cancer Higher sensitivity for ovarian cancer than CA125 ROMA
70
Describe NSE enole isoenzymes/dominant present in CSF disease followup for what disorders
enolne enzyme 3 isoenzymes A/B/G Predominant gamma isoenzyme present in RBC CSF- creutz-jakob disease Followup- AUXILLARY TEST in neuroendocrine disorders

Clinical Chem Snoopy style (8 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions