TPO1 Flashcards
(188 cards)
1
Q
Vegitation
A
زندگي گياهي
2
Q
Transition
A
انتقال، گذار، عبور
Ex: the smooth transition from full-time work to full retirement
Ex: Making the transition from youth to adulthood can be very painful.
Ex: a society that is in transition (=changing)
3
Q
Dramatic
A
ناگهاني و بارز و برجسته
Sudden and striking
Ex: The transition from forest to treeless on a mountain slope is often a dramatic one.
4
Q
Gradual
A
تدريجي
Ex: There has been a gradual change in climate.
5
Q
Striking
A
بارز، برجسته، قابل توجه
Ex: a striking contrast between wealth and poverty
6
Q
Shrub
A
بوته
Pro: شِراب
7
Q
Semiarid
A
نيمه خشك
Semiarid areas
8
Q
Infer(v)
P: inferred
A
استنباط كردن، استنتاج كردن
Ex: A lot can be inferred from these statistics.
Ex: From the evidence, we can infer that the victim knew her killer.
9
Q
Deciduous tree
A
درخت برگ ريز
Opp: ever green
10
Q
Tropics
A
مناطق گرمسيري
11
Q
Polar regions
A
مناطق قطبي
12
Q
Range
A
تغيير كردن، مرتب كردن
13
Q
Broadleaf
A
برگ پهن
14
Q
Suggesting that
A
اشاره كردن بر، پيشنهاد كردن، نشان مي دهد كه
15
Q
Species
A
گونه، انواع
Pro: اسْپي سييز
Species of plant
Species of animal
16
Q
Attain
A
رسيدن، دست يافتن
Syn: Achieve
Ex: This is particularly(پارتي كيو لِرلي) true for trees in the middle and upper latitude, which tend to attain greater heights on ridges.
17
Q
Endure
A
تحمل كردن، بردباري كردن
Pro: اِنْدُر
Ex: It seemed impossible that anyone could endure such pain.
18
Q
Whereas
A
درحاليكه
Ex: The old system was fairly complicated whereas the new system is really very simple.
19
Q
Duration
A
مدت زمان، در طول
Ex: The package includes cycle hire for the duration of your holiday.
20
Q
Expose
A
در معرض گذاشتن، نمايش دادن، افشا كردن
Ex: Potatoes turn green when exposed to light.
21
Q
Velocity
A
سرعت، شتاب
Ex: the velocity of light
Ex: The speedboat reached a velocity of 120 mph.
22
Q
Favorable(adj)
A
مطلوب
Ex: Three years ago, circumstances were more favorable.
23
Q
Prone
A
مستعد، متمايل، دمر
Ex: Some plants are very prone to disease.
Ex: Kids are all prone to eat junk food.
Ex: He’s always been accident-prone.
24
Q
Cessation
A
توقف، ايست
Pro: سي سِيشن
Ex: a cessation of hostilitiesخصومت
25
Avalanches
بهمن
26
Creep
به آرامي حركت كردن
27
Seedling
جوانه، نهال تخمي، نهال كوچك درخت
28
Presence(n)
حضور، مجاورت
Opp: absence
Pro: پِر زِنس
Ex: Your presence is requested at the club meeting on Friday.
Ex: Tests revealed the presence of poison in the blood.
29
Ultraviolet light
اشعه فرا بنفش
30
Browse(v)
مرور كردن، چريدن
Browsing=grazing چريدن
Ex: Jon was browsing through the photographs.
Ex: The trip allows you plenty of time for browsing around the shops.
tourists browsing the boutiques and souvenir stalls
31
Graze
چراندن، چريدن، خراشيدن
32
Shoots
شاخه
| Tree shoots
33
Buds
جوانه، غنچه
34
Mature
بالغ، كامل
Pro: مِچُر
Ex: Laura is very mature for her age.
Ex: Tree shoots and buds cannot mature sufficiently to survive the winter month.
35
Adjacent
مجاورت
| Ex: the building adjacent to the library
36
Consist
شامل، عبارت بودن از
37
Diversity
تنوع
38
Occasional
گاه به گاه
39
Mosses
خزه
40
Bare
لخت، عريان، آشكار، برهنه كردن
41
Lichen
گلسنگ
42
Prevalent(adj)
شايع، متداول، مرسوم
Syn: widespread گسترده، شايع، متداول
Ex: This belief is more prevalent among men than women.
Ex: the prevalent belief in astrologyطالع بيني
43
Equatorial
استوايي
44
Prostrate(adj)
دمرخوابيده، بيچاره و درمانده
Ex: They found him lying prostrate on the floor.
Ex: Julie was prostrate with grief after her father’s death.
45
Favorable
مطلوب و مناسب
46
Snowdrift
برف باد آورد
47
Satisfactory
رضايت بخش
48
Rigors
سختي، سخت گيري
49
Crucial(adj)
حياتي
Syn: vital
Ex: This aid money is crucial to the government’s economic policies.
50
Insulation
عايق، عايق گذاري
51
Sympathize (v)
همدردي كردن، جانبداري كردن
Ex: I sympathize, but I don’t know how to help.
The public sympathized with the miners’ strike.
52
Speculation (n)
حدس و گمان
Syn: conjecture (n,v), hypothesis
Ex: There is speculation that the president is ill.
53
Hypothesis (n)
```
فرضيه/ حدس و گمان
Syn: 1)theory 2) speculation
Hypothesize (v)فرض كردن
Hypothetical (adj)فرضي
Hypothetically (adv)فرضاً
Ex: One hypothesis is that the victim fell asleep while driving.
```
54
Concrete
واقعي، بهم چسبيده
Opp: speculation, hypothesis
Ex: the lack of any concrete evidence
55
Champion(v)
پشتيباني كردن، طرفداري كردن
| Ex: the theory championed by anthropologists in the late nineteenth
56
Anthropology
مردم شناسي
57
Envision (v)
تجسم كردن
Syn: envisage
Ex: I envisioned a future of educational excellence.
58
Ritual
تشريفات مذهبي
Syn: rite
Ex: the importance of religion and ritual in our lives
Ex: funeral rites
59
Perceive(v)
درك كردن
Perception ادراك، درك
Ex: Cats are not able to perceive colour.
60
Stage
مرحله، صحنه، طبقه
61
Attribute(n,v)
ويژگي، نسبت دادن
| Ex: it attributes both desirable and undesirable occurrences
62
Desirable
مطلوب
| Ex: It is desirable that you should have some familiarity
63
Favor(n,v)
1-لطف، توجه، نيكي كردن
2-طرفداري كردن
Syn: approve/ defend/ champion/ advocate
Ex: Senior ministers spoke in favour of the proposal.
64
Apparent
ظاهر، آشكار، مسلم
| Ex: apparent connection between certain actions
65
Refine
بهبود بخشيدن
66
Formalize
رسمي كردن
Syn: institutionalize
Ex: After several more weeks of details, the deal was formalized.
67
Representative
نماينده، نمايشگر
Syn: delegate
Ex: an elected representative of the people
68
Accompany
همراهي كردن
Accompanying مشايعت
Ex: Children under 14 must be accompanied by an adult.
Wherever her husband went, she would accompany him.
69
Modify
اصلاح كردن
| Syn: improve
70
Autonomous
مستقل
Syn: independent
Ex: Galicia is an autonomous region of Spain.
71
Efficacious
موثر
Syn: effective
Ex: an equally efficacious method of treatment
72
Elaborate
اطلاعات زياد در مورد چيزي دادن
| Elaborated پر جزئيات
73
Relating
بازگو كردن، شرح دادن
74
Evolve(v)
تكامل يافتن
| Ex: Animals have evolved camouflageاستتار to protect themselves from predatorsشكارچيان
75
Virtuous(adj)
با فضيلت، راستگو و با اخلاق
Virtuosity ذوق هنر پيشگي
Ex: Sue considered herself very virtuous because she neither drank nor smoked.
76
Antecedent(adj,n)
سابقه، سابق
| Ex: the possible antecedent of theatre
77
Scholar
محقق
78
Theorize(v)
تئوري بوجود آوردن
| Ex: scholars have theorized About global warming
79
Set forth
بيان كردن يك موضوع بصورت كاملا سازماندهي شده/ عازم شدن
Syn: set out
Ex: He set forth an idealistic view of society
Ex: They were about to set forth on a voyage into the unknown.
80
Encounter(n,v)
مواجهه/ روبرو شدن، تجربه كردن يك موضوع يا موقعيت
to experience something, especially problems or opposition
Ex:They encountered serious problems when two members of the expedition هيئت اعزامي were injured.
81
Confront
مواجه شدن، سرو كله زدن با يه موضوع
Pro: كِن فِرِنت
1 if a problem, difficulty etc confronts you, it appears and needs to be dealt with
Ex: Customers are confronted with a bewildering amount of choice.
82
Objectify
مجسم كردن
83
Instinct
غريزه
84
Penchant
تمايل، علاقه شديد
| Syn: inclination
85
Autonomous
خود مختار، مستقل
Syn: independent
Ex: Galicia is an autonomous region of Spain.
86
Detach
جدا كردن، سوا كردن، اعزام كردن
Opp: attach
Detachedمنفصل
Ex: You can detach the hood from the jacket.
87
Deviation
انحراف
| Ex: deviation from the normal procedureروند
88
Nevertheless
با اين وجود، با اين حال، عليرغم
89
Ascribe
نسبت دادن
Syn: attribute
Ascribe sth to sth/sb
90
Hypothetical
فرضي
91
Prosperity
رونق، كاميابي
92
Inclination
تمايل
Syn: tendency, penchant
Ex: My natural inclination was to say no.
Verb: incline شيب دادن، تمايل داشتن، شيب
93
Saturate
```
اشباع كردن
Pro: سَچِرِيت
Syn: soak
Opp: dry
Ex: Water poured through the hole, saturating the carpet.
```
94
By far
تاكنون
95
Grain
دانه، ذره
| Ex: big sacksكيسه of grain
96
Pebble
سنگ كوچك صيقلي
| Ex: The beach was covered with smooth white pebbles
97
Particles
ذرات
| Ex: dust particles
98
Loose(adj, v)
شل، رها، رها كردن، رها شدن، شل شدن
| Ex: The screw has come loose (=became loose).
99
Consolidation(n)
تثبيت
Ex: This is a time for consolidation, not for expansion
Ex: Tiny pebbles of loose, unconsolidated sand
Consolidate sediment= cemented sediment
100
Bed
بستر
| Ex: the sea bed
101
Coarse(adj)
درشت، خشن و زبر
| Ex: a jacket of coarse wool
102
Laden
مملو، پر
Pro: لِيْدِن
Ex: The tables were laden with food.
103
Flow(n,v)
جريان، جاري بودن
| Ex: He struggled to swim against the flow of the water.
104
Pore
منفذ، با دقت ديدن
| Ex: consolidated sediments contain millions of minute water holding pores.
105
Minute
بسيار ريز
| Ex: minute pores
106
Porous
متخلخل
Ex: porous material
Porosity تخلخل
107
Plug
پر كردن سوراخ كوچك، دو شاخه برق
| Ex: We used mud to plug up the holes in the roof.
108
Cement
سيمان، با سيمان پوشاندن، رابطه برقرار كردن
Ex: They want to cement a good working relationship between the government and trade unions.
Cemented sediment
109
Percolate
به آرامي نفوذ پيدا كردن
Ex: Rainwater percolates down through the rock.
Ex: The message has begun to percolate through the organization.
110
Proportion
نسبت، مقدار
| Ex: The proportion of women graduates has increased in recent years.
111
Permeat
نفوذ كردن
| Ex: The smell of diesel oil permeated the air.
112
Permeability
نفوذ پذيري
| Ex: prosityتخلخل is not the same as permeability
113
Permeable (adj)
نفوذ پذير
Pro: پِرْمييِبِل
Opp: impermeable
Ex: the permeable cell membraneغشا
114
Drain
زهكشي، بيرون كشيدن مايع
| Ex: The swimming pool is drained and cleaned every winter.
115
Crevice
شكاف
Pro: كِرِوِسْ
Ex: small creatures that hide in crevices in the rock
116
Cling
چسبيدن به كسي يا چيزي
Pro: كِلاينگ
Ex: His wet shirt clung to his body.
Ex:He wailed and clung to his mother.
Cliningچسبيده
117
Interpretation(n)
تفسير، تعبير
Verb: interpret
Ex: dream interpretation
118
Narrow
باريك، محدود/ باريك كردن، محدود كردن
Narrow sth down
Ex: The police have narrowed down their list of suspects
119
Rehearsal
تمرين(عملي)
Syn: drill
Ex: The dialogue was worked out by actors in rehearsal.
120
Spool
قرقره
| Ex: stationary spool
121
Rehearsal
تمرين(عملي)
Syn: drill
Ex: The dialogue was worked out by actors in rehearsal.
122
Spool
قرقره
| Ex: stationary spool
123
Sum up
خلاصه كردن
| Ex: who could sum these informations up
124
Procedure
روش، روند
| Ex: What’s the procedure for applying for a visa?
125
Strike
ضربه، ضربه زدن، اعتصاب
Syn: hit
Stroke ضربه
Ex: Several cars were struck by falling trees.
126
Canvas
بوم نقاشي
127
Posture
حالت، طرز ايستادن
128
Vibrant
پرجنب و جوش
Ex: Hong Kong is a vibrant, fascinating city.
a vibrant colour is bright and strong
a painting full of vibrant reds and blues
129
Accessible
در دسترس، قابل فهم
| Ex: He wants his music to be accessible to everyone.
130
Bleak
غم افزا، درمعرض باد سرد
131
Discourage
دلسرد كردن، بي جرأت كردن
| Ex: My father is a lawyer, and he discouraged me from entering the field.
132
Bleak
غم افزا، درمعرض باد سرد
133
Discourage
دلسرد كردن، بي جرأت كردن
Grammar
She discouraged me from going.
✗Don’t say: She discouraged me to go.
134
Foreground
منظره پيش زمينه
| Opp: background
135
Deligate
محول كردن، نماينده
Syn: representative
Ex:Around 350 delegates attended the conference.
136
Predator
درنده، شكارچي
Opp: prey
Ex: the predator ate its prey
137
Expedite
تسريع كردن
Syn: speed up
Ex: strategies to expedite the decision-making process
137
Conventional
قراردادي، طبق آيين و رسوم
Ex: He is conventional in his approach to life.
Conventional wisdom
138
Assumption
فرض
| Ex: My calculations were based on the assumption that house prices would remain steady.
139
Conclusively
قطعي
Ex: The investigation failed to provide any conclusive evidence.
Opp: inconclusive
140
Obligation
وظيفه، تعهد
Ex: obligation to
America’s obligation to its allies
141
Continent
قاره
| Ex: the continents of Asia and Africa
142
Astronomy
علم نجوم
143
Interdisciplinary
بين رشته اي
| Ex: an interdisciplinary research centre
144
Inhabitants
ساكنان
| Ex: a city of six million inhabitants
145
Neolistic
دوره نو سنگي
146
Hearth
اجاق
| Ex: Then they all gathered before a small fire on the kitchen hearth.
147
Tend
تمايل داشتن، نگهداري كردن از
| Ex: Sofia was in the bedroom tending to her son.
148
Ash/ ashes
خاكستر
| Ex: The house burnt to ashes.
149
Plaster
گچ، گچ زدن
150
Soot
دوده
151
Excavate
حفاري كردن
Excavation حفاري
Ex: Schliemann excavated the ancient city of Troy.
152
Significance
اهميت
Opp: insignificance
Ex: the significance of climate change
153
Yield
حاصل، محصول، ثمر دادن، واگذار كردن
Ex: Our research has only recently begun to yield important results.
Ex: The military has promised to yield power.
Ex: Shareholdersسهامداران are expecting a higher yield this year.
154
Adapt
سازگار كردن، سازگاري
| Ex: flowers which are well adapted to harsh winters
155
Rodent
جونده
156
Hibernating
خواب زمستاني
157
Mating
جفت گيري
158
Loner
انزوا طلب
| Ex: Ken’s always been a bit of a loner.
159
Offspring
فرزند
| Syn: progency
160
Edible
خوردني
Opp: inedible
Ex: These berries are edible, but those are poisonous.
161
Potable
آشاميدني
| Ex: potable water
162
Roughly
تقريباً
Syn: about/ approximately
Ex: There were roughly 200 people there.
163
Bizarre
عجيب و غريب
| Ex: a bizarre coincidence
164
Hazard
خطر
| Ex: Polluted water sources are a hazard to wildlife.
165
Meadow
مرتع و چمنزار
166
Unlike
برخلاف، برعكس، بي شباهت
| Ex: Tammy was unlike any other woman I have ever known.
167
Nurture
پرورش، پرورش دادن
| Ex: plants nurtured in the greenhouse
168
Fragment
قطعه، تكه، خرد كردن
Ex: glass fragments
a fragmented society
169
Prudent
محتاط، معقول
Ex: prudent house buyers
Ex: It might be prudent to get a virus detector for the network.
170
Discreet
محتاط، با احتياط
Syn: wary/ circumspect/ prudent/ careful/ cautious/ discreet
Opp: indiscreet
Ex: He assured her that he would be discreet.
I stood back at a discreet distance.
171
Proficiency
مهارت
| Ex: a high level of proficiency in English
172
Implement
پياده سازي، اجرا، انجام دادن
| Ex: We have decided to implement the committee’s recommendations in full.
173
Construct
ساختن، ايجاد كردن
| Ex: There are plans to construct a new road bridge across the river.
174
Deduction
استنتاج، استنباط
| Ex: Children will soon make deductions about the meaning of a word.
175
Induction
استقرا، معرف كسي براي كاري بودن
176
Nevertheless
اگرچه
| Ex: What you said was true. It was, nevertheless, a little unkind.
177
Description
توصيف، شرح
178
Consequence
نتيجه
| Ex: Many believe that poverty is a direct consequence of overpopulation.
179
Premise
فرض، فرضيه
Pro: پِرِمِس
Ex: The idea that there is life on other planets is the central premise of the novel.
180
Mandatory
اجباري
Syn: compulsory/ compulsive/ coercive/ forcible/ obligatory
Opp: discretionary
Ex: The Council has made it mandatory for all nurses to attend a refresher course every three years.
181
Discretionary
اختياري، از روي بصيرت
Discretion اختيار، بصيرت
Ex: the court’s discretionary powers
182
Subvert
تضعيف كردن، تخريب كردن
| Ex: an attempt to subvert the democratic process
183
Plausible
باور پذير
Opp: implausible
Ex: His story certainly sounds plausible.
a plausible explanation
184
Patrol
گشتن(گشتن يك مكان/ دور دور زدن)
Ex: Armed guards patrolled the grounds
Ex: Gangs of youths patrolled the streets at night.
185
Vertebrate
مهره داران
| Opp: invertebrate
186
Inconsistent
ناسازگار
Inconsistency ناسازگاري، تناقض
Ex: There were several glaring inconsistencies (=very noticeable differences) in his report.تناقضات چشمگير
Opp: consistent
187
Aristocratic
اشرافي
| Ex: an aristocratic family
