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Biology IGCSE > Transport in animals > Flashcards

Transport in animals Flashcards

1
Q

Describe the circulatory system

A

a system of blood vessels with a pump and valves to ensure
one-way flow of blood

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2
Q

Describe the single circulation of a fish

A

fish have a TWO chambered heart
meaning that for every 1 circuit of the body, the blood passes through through the heart ONCE

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3
Q

What does it mean to have a double circulation?

A

just means that for every circuit, the blood passes through the heart TWICE

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4
Q

Describe the double circulation of a mammal

A

mammals have a FOUR chamber heart
meaning that for every circuit, blood passes through the heart TWICE

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5
Q

Explain the advantages of a double circulation

A

oxygenated blood is separated from the deoxygenated blood which ensures a more efficient supply of oxygenated blood to body tissue
a double circulation can also increase the pressure of the blood after it has passed through the lungs= a systematic circulation carries blood at higher pressure than the pulmonary circulation, this therefore then allows for more rapid circulation of blood to body tissues

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6
Q

name structures of the mammalian heart

A

muscular wall
septum
left and right ventricles
left and right atria
one-way valves
coronary arteries

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7
Q

What does it mean to have a single circulation

A

means that for every circuit, blood passes through the heart ONCE

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8
Q

Explain the relative thickness of the muscle walls of the left and right ventricles

A

LEFT
thicker muscle wall as it has to plump blood at a high pressure around the entire body
RIGHT
has a less thick muscle wall as it has to plump wall at a lower pressure to the lungs

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9
Q

Explain the relative thickness of the muscle walls of the atria compared to those of the ventricles

A

the ventricles have thicker muscular walls than the atria
this is because blood is pumped out at a greater pressure from these chambers compared to the atria

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10
Q

Explain the importance of the septum in
separating oxygenated and deoxygenated blood

A

muscle wall that separates deoxygenated and oxygenated blood, preventing mixture

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11
Q

Describe the functioning of the heart

A

the contraction of muscles of the atria and
ventricles and the action of the valves

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12
Q

what type of blood vessel pumps away blood from the heart

A

arteries

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13
Q

What blood vessel returns blood to the heart?

A

veins

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14
Q

Why does the heart rate increase during exercise?

A

so that sufficient blood is taken o the working muscles to provide them with enough oxygen and nutrients for the increased respiration

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15
Q

describe the effect of physical activity on the heart rate

A

Following continuous exercise, the heart begins to beat at a faster rate for a while to ensure that all excess waste products are removed from the muscle cells
increased exercise- increased heart rate, it can take up to several minutes until exercise has come to an end to get back to normal bmp

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16
Q

Explain how coronary arteries are affected and the effect of this on the heart.

A

They have a build up of fatty deposits on the walls of the arteries which reduces the lumen inside the artery causing them to reduce the blood flow to the heart which basically means that less oxygenated blood is supplied to the heart= making the heart work less efficiently.

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17
Q

Describe coronary heart disease

A

the blockage of coronary arteries due to coronary arteries having fatty build-up in the walls causing them to have reduced lumen space for oxygenated blood to reach the heart which causes blood flow to be restricted and as less oxygen can reach the heart muscle, this can therefore this can result in a heart attack.

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18
Q

Discuss the roles of diet and exercise in reducing
the risk of coronary heart disease

A

A poor diet, excess of fatty food intakes and poor exercise habits can cause the augmentation of Cholesterol LDL that puts those with that type of cholesterol at high risk of CHD as the fatty build-up in the walls are more likely to happen in the arteries

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19
Q

Describe the structure of arteries

A

Relative thickness of wall- thick muscular walls containing elastic fibres

diameter of lumen- quite narrow

Speed of flow- fast

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20
Q

Describe the structure of veins

A

Relative thickness of wall- thin

diameter of lumen- large

Has valves for one -way blood flow

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21
Q

Describe the structure of capillaries

A

Relative thickness of wall- one cell thick

diameter of lumen- very small lumen

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22
Q

State the functions of capillaries

A

They carry the blood really close to every cell in the body to exchange substances with them.

23
Q

the structure of arteries and veins is related to what?

A

to the pressure of the blood that they
transport

24
Q

Explain how the structure of arteries and veins
is related to the pressure of the blood that they
transport

A

ARTERIES-has thick muscular walls containing elastic fibres which withstands high blood pressure and maintains the blood pressure as it recoils after the blood has passed through

VEINS- have large lumen for low pressure of blood
contains valves to prevent back flow of blood

25
Q

Explain how the structure of capillaries is related
to their functions

A

Has permeable walls- so that substances can diffuse in and out

One cell thick wall which is great for increasing the rate of diffusion by decreasing the distance over which it happens.

Leaky walls- so that blood plasma can leak out and form tissue fluid in surrounding cells.

26
Q

List the components of blood

A

red blood cells,
white blood cells
platelets
plasma

27
Q

What is the role of haemoglobin in red blood cells

A

Hemoglobin contains iron, which allows it to pick up oxygen from the air we breathe and deliver it everywhere in the body. You can think of hemoglobin as the iron (“heme”), oxygen transport protein, (“globin”) found in red blood cells.

28
Q

State the functions of red blood cells

A

transporting oxygen from the lungs to the cells requiring aerobic respiration

29
Q

State the functions of platelets

A

in helping the blood clott

30
Q

State the functions of plasma

A

transport of blood cells, ions,
nutrients, urea, hormones and carbon dioxide

31
Q

State the functions of white blood cells

A

defending the against infection from pathogens by carrying out phagocytes and antibody production

32
Q

State the functions of:
lymphocytes

A

antibody production

33
Q

State the functions of:
phagocytes

A

engulfing pathogens by
phagocytosis

34
Q

State the roles of blood clotting

A

preventing blood loss and the entry of pathogens

35
Q

Describe the process of clotting

A

the conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin to form a mesh

36
Q

What does an increased in heart rate also allow besides from providing working muscles with enough nutrients and oxygen for increased respiration?

A

it also allows for waste products to be removed at a raster rate

37
Q

How is an oxygen debt built up?

A

When muscle cells respire anaerobically during exercise, oxygen debt is built up

38
Q

What do the muscles need to do when they’re in oxygen debt?

A

As the oxygen needs to be ‘repaid’, so the heart continues to pump faster to ensure that extra oxygen is still being delivered to muscle cells

39
Q

How is lactic acid build up in the muscle cells?

A

it builds up in cells as a result of anaerobic respiration

40
Q

What breaks down the lactic acid in the muscle cells?

A

The extra oxygen when the heart is pumping at a faster rate to ‘repay’ the oxygen debt

41
Q

Name the blood vessels that are affected because of heart coronary disease.

A

coronary arteries

42
Q

What causes the fatty build-up in the walls of coronary arteries.

A

Cholesterol LDL

43
Q

What can we do to reduce the chance of getting CHD?

A

Reduce cholesterol levels by taking statins which is a drug to reduce the amount of cholesterol in blood stream (although it can take time to show it’s effects)
Less cholesterol= less fatty build-up= better coronary artery blood flow

44
Q

What are some factors that can influence getting CHD?

A

stress
lack of exercise
poor diets from fatty nutrition
smoking
genetic predisposition
age
sex

45
Q

How can smoking increase chances of getting CHD?

A

Nicotine in cigarettes causes blood vessels to become NARROWER which therefore causes increased blood pressure which causes the build up of FAT GLOBOULES

46
Q

How can stress increase the chances of getting CHD?

A

When under stress, the hormones produced can increase the blood pressure= increasing the chance of blockage in the coronary arteries

47
Q

How can age and sex increase chances of getting CHD?

A

Risk of getting CHD increases as you get older and MALES are more likely to get CHD than women

48
Q

Describe the functioning of the heart in terms
of the contraction of muscles of the atria and
ventricles and the action of the valves

A

the coordination of the contraction of the atria and ventricles, as well as the action of the heart valves, is critical for the proper functioning of the heart and the efficient circulation of blood throughout the body.

49
Q

What are the fatty buildup in the coronary s-arteries called?

A

plaques

50
Q

Partial blockage vs complete blockage

A

PB- restricted blood flow because of decreased blood stream area because of the plaque build up on the coronary arteries, this can cause severe chest pain also know as ANGINA

CB- this is when cells of that area of the heart can’t respire due to blockage of plaques in the arteries causing a heart attack

51
Q

as arteries divide more as they get further away from the heart…

A

they become narrower

52
Q

What are the narrow vessels that connect arteries to capillaries called

A

arterioles

53
Q

What are the narrow vessels called that connect veins with capillaries?

A

venules

54
Q

In what form do red blood cells carry oxygen?

A

oxyhaemoglobin

Biology IGCSE (21 decks)

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