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IGCSE Biology > transport in animals > Flashcards

transport in animals Flashcards

1
Q

what is the circulatory system

A

system of tubes (veins, capillaries, arteries) with a pump (heart) and valves (in heart and veins) to ensure one-way flow of blood.

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2
Q

what is the single circulation system

A

Two heart chambers

Blood absorbs oxygen in gills

Released in body cells then back to heart

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3
Q

what is the double circulation system

A

Four heart chambers

Blood passes through heart twice

Oxygenated in lungs, to heart, to body, back to heart

Advantage: delivers greater blood flow rate to tissues around the body as the heart pumps the oxygenated blood to it from the lungs

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4
Q

right atrium function

A

collect deoxygenated blood & pump it to right ventricle

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5
Q

right ventricle function

A

pumps deoxygenated blood to lungs

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6
Q

pulmonary artery function

A

carries deoxygenated blood from right ventricle to lungs

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7
Q

septum function

A

separates left and right sides of the heart

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8
Q

pulmonary vein function

A

carry oxygenated blood from lungs to left atrium

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9
Q

left atrium function

A

collect oxygenated blood and pump it to left ventricle

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10
Q

left ventricle function

A

pumps oxygenated blood to the body via the aorta

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11
Q

aorta function

A

carries oxygenated blood from left ventricle to rest of body

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12
Q

tricuspid and bicuspid valves function

A

prevent backflow of blood into the atria when ventricles contract (atria ventricular valves)

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13
Q

pulmonary and aortic valves function

A

prevent backflow of blood from the arteries into the ventricles (semi-lunar valves)

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14
Q

describe cardia diastole

A

all chambers are relaxed, and blood flows into the heart

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15
Q

describe atrial systole, ventricular diastole

A

atria contract, pushing blood into the ventricles

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16
Q

describe Atrial diastole, ventricular systole

A

after atria relax, ventricles contract, pushing blood out of heart

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17
Q

effect of physical activity on the heart

A

Physical activity makes the heart beat more quickly and more deeply, for an increased circulation of blood so that more oxygen and glucose can get to the muscles.

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18
Q

what is ECG trace

A

The electrical activity of the heart can be monitored by the electrocardiogram, pulse rate and listening to the sounds of the valves closing

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19
Q

what is coronary heart disease

A

Coronary artery becomes blocked, interrupting the supply of blood to the heart muscle.

The heart muscle cells are deprived of oxygen & glucose, and poisonous wastes such as lactic acid build up.

Part of the heart muscle stops contracting, causing a heart attack

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20
Q

causes of coronary heart disease

A

Caused by stress, smoking, poor diet, poor lifestyle & genetically

21
Q

ways to prevent coronary heart disease

A

Can be prevented by not smoking, avoiding fatty food and exercising regularly

22
Q

treatment of coronary heart disease

A

Treated by aspirin and surgery (stents, angioplasty and by-pass)

23
Q

function of artery

A

Transport high pressure blood away from heart

24
Q

structure of artery

A

Elastic walls expand and relax as blood is forced out; causes pulse
Thick walls withstand high pressure
Rings of muscle narrow or widen artery to control blood flow

25
Q

function of vein

A

Transport low pressure blood to the heart

26
Q

structure of vein

A

Valves prevent backflow of blood.
Blood is at low pressure, but nearby muscles squeeze veins and help push blood to the heart
Large diameter and thin walls reduce resistance to flow of blood

27
Q

function of capillary

A

Allow substances to diffuse into cells

28
Q

structure of capillary

A

One cell thick wall for easy diffusion
Highly branched; large surface area
Capillary beds constantly supplied with fresh blood, so diffusion occurs

29
Q

diffusion in the capillary

A

Useful substances move out of plasma of capillaries into tissue fluid (fluid in between cells in tissues)

Cells need oxygen and nutrients, and produce waste products such as CO2 & useful products such as hormone

Capillaries are constantly supplied with new blood, otherwise diffusion could not occur

30
Q

which vessel goes from lungs to heart

A

pulmonary vein

31
Q

which vessel goes from heart to lungs

A

pulmonary artery

32
Q

which vessel goes from liver to heart

A

hepatic vein

33
Q

which vessel goes from heart to liver

A

hepatic artery

34
Q

which vessel goes from kidneys to heart

A

renal vein

35
Q

which vessel goes from heart to hidneys

A

renal artery

36
Q

what is the lymphatic system

A

Circulation of body fluids, and the production of lymphocytes.

37
Q

what is the lymph node

A

Lymph node contains many lymphocytes which filter lymph.

38
Q

what is tissue fluid

A

Tissue fluid: made when plasma is squeezed out of capillaries. Substances diffuse between cells and tissue fluid. Tissue fluid returns to the capillaries by osmosis.

39
Q

what are lymph vessels

A

Lymph vessels collect lymph and return it to the blood.

40
Q

red blood cells function

A

hemoglobin and oxygen transport

41
Q

white blood cells function

A

phagocytosis and antibody formation

42
Q

platelets function

A

causing clotting

43
Q

plasma function

A

transport of blood cells, ions, soluble nutrients, hormones, carbon dioxide, urea and plasma proteins

44
Q

phagocytes characteristics

A
  • Phagocyte has lobed nucleus and vesicles containing digestive enzymes.
  • do phagocytosis
45
Q

what is phagocytosis

A

Phagocytosis: engulf pathogen, vesicles fuse with vacuole, enzymes digest bacteria. Then either destroyed by being ingested by phagocytes, or the antibodies may do it.

46
Q

what is an antigen

A

protein/ carbohydrate on surface of pathogen which provokes immune system

47
Q

lymphocytes characteristics

A
  • Lymphocytes are found in blood and in lymph nodes

- Large nucleus and they produce antibodies,

48
Q

what are antibodies

A

Y-shaped protein, bind to label pathogens.

49
Q

what is blood clotting

A

Reduces blood loss and keeps pathogens out

Fibrinogen (inactive) turns to fibrin (activated), and forms a mesh to trap red blood cells, which eventually dries to form a scab.

IGCSE Biology (21 decks)

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