TRANSPORT IN THE GIT TRACT

Question 1

The two regulators of GIT processes

Answer 1

• Neural regulation
• Hormonal regulation

Question 2

The two extrinsic neural regulators

Answer 2

-Parasymphathetic nervous systems
-Sympathetic nervous systems

Question 3

An extrinsic neural regulator with exitatory or stimulatory impact on the GIT

Answer 3

Parasympathetic nervous system

Question 4

An extrinsic neural regulator with inhibitory impact on the GIT

Answer 4

Sympathetic nervous systems

Question 5

An extrinsic neural regulator which acts via the vagus nerve, with the nerve being stimulated by entry of bolus on upper stomach (cardia)

Answer 5

parasympathetic nervous system

Question 6

An extrinsic neural regulator which acts via the pre-synaptic nerves, and inhibits the functioning of GIT?

Answer 6

sympathetic NS

Question 7

What are the 2 peristalsis waves seen on the oesophogus?

Answer 7

• primary/active wave- induced by deglutition
• Secondary wave- induced by distention of the oesophogus

Question 8

The two contractions associated with bulk movements in the GIT

Answer 8

Tonic and Phasic contractions

Question 9

Consequence of Lower esophageal Sphincter (LES) failure

Answer 9

Megaesophagus (which leads to achalasia)

Question 10

What causes the lower esophageal sphincter failure?

Answer 10

Failure of the LES to relax

Question 11

Where does ulceration of the LES comes from?

Answer 11

The food enclosed on the esophogus get putrefied/fermented producing organic acids.

-These acids cause ulcers in the LES

Question 12

Ways to manage LES failure?

Answer 12

-Injection with botulinum toxin into the LES
- probe with inflattable balloon or surgery
-

Question 13

Symptom of achalasia

Answer 13

-difficulty swallowing

Question 14

An intrinsic neural regulation of the GIT involving plexuses?

Answer 14

Enteric nervous systems

Question 15

Two branches of the enteric nervous systems?

Answer 15

-myenteric plexus
- submucosa plexus

Question 16

A plexus found between the circular and longitudinal muscles of the GIT?
And its regulates motility

Answer 16

myenteric plexus

Question 17

A plexus found in the submucosa, and regulates secretions?

Answer 17

submucosal plexus

Question 18

Helps maintain osmotic balance

Answer 18

fluid and electrolyte absorption

Question 19

3 factors affecting absorption

Answer 19

• cytokines
• Age effect
• Food allergens

Question 20

How cytokines affect absorption in the GIT?

Answer 20

They regulate movement across cells

Question 21

How age impact absorption?

Answer 21

• GIT of infants is more permeable than that of adults
• Also, adults absorb more fats than infants

Question 22

Impact of food allergens on absorption

Answer 22

They reduce absorption

Question 23

Digestion is divided into/ OR Digestion of food is aided both____AND______

Answer 23

physically and chemically

Question 24

Crushing of food by teeth and churning movement of muscles signifies________digestion

Answer 24

Physical

Question 25

Food break down by enzymes and and conversion of macromolecules to micromolecules signifies_____digestion

Answer 25

Chemical

Question 26

The vitamin absorbed in the terminal of the ileum

Answer 26

B12

Question 27

Content mostly absorbed in the large intestine?

Answer 27

other water soluble vitamins

Question 28

Where does absorbtion of glucose, fractose, galactose take place?

Answer 28

Small intestine

Question 29

Absorption of glucose is through___?

Answer 29

Sodium-Glucose Symport (SGLP)

Question 30

Absorption of fructose uptake is trhough___?

Answer 30

GLUT-5 (glucose transporter- 5)

Question 31

Absorption of glucose, fructose and galactose is through_____?

Answer 31

GLUT-2

Question 32

A bulk movement in the small intestine which stimulates absorption of nutrients and vitamins?

Answer 32

segmantation -involves circular muscles of small intestines

Question 33

A bulk movement in the small intestine which sweeps 'ingesta' into the large intestines?

Answer 33

Migrating motor complex

Question 34

A hormone regulating 'migrating motor complex'

Answer 34

motilin

Question 35

Cells producing hormone motilin, which regulates Migrating motor complex?

Answer 35

Endocrine Mo cells

Question 36

Hormone motilin falls under which of the two GIT process regulators?

Answer 36

hormonal regulation

Question 37

Two types of transport seen in the intestines aiding nutrient absorption?

Answer 37

Passive and active transport

Question 38

Sodium-Glucose symport is an example of active or passive transport?

Answer 38

Active

Question 39

Substances absorbed through passive transport

Answer 39

-Fat soluble nutrients - Vitamins A,D,E,K

Question 40

Intake of solids into cells via plasma membrane invagination?

Answer 40

endocytosis

Question 41

A form of endocytosis dependent on clathrin receptors, or involves coating of the vesicle with clathrin?

Answer 41

Clathrin dependent/ mediated

Question 42

Membrane invaginates to form a pocket of 5 micro-meter which is filled with a large volume of extracellular fluid and molecules. -And the pocket pinches off into the cell

Answer 42

-Micropinocytosis

Question 43

With regards to hormonal regulation of the GIT, we have hormones produced by entero-endocrine cells, and hormones from exogenous endocrine cells. What are the 2 hormones from exogenous endocrine cells?

Answer 43

- Aldosterone - Insulin

Question 44

An exogenous hormone which regulates intestinal electrolyte absorption?

Answer 44

Aldosterone

Question 45

An exogenous hormone which regulates intestinal glucose absorption

Answer 45

Insulin

Question 46

Disoders of the GIT

Answer 46

- LES failure - Constipation - Diarrhoea - Adynamic ileus

Question 47

Results from temporary paralysis or decreased motility of the intestines?

Answer 47

Adynamic ileus

Question 48

Activates OPIOID receptors which will mediate an increased SNS activity resulting to inhibition of GIT motility and secretion?

Answer 48

damage/trauma to intestines

Question 49

Increases noradrenergic discharge in splanchnic nerves, which will mediate an increased SNS activity resulting to inhibition of GIT motility and secretion?

Answer 49

peritoneal irritation

Question 50

Increases GIT permeability for effective absorption of nutrients

Answer 50

- Interferon 8 - Interleukin 1, 3, 4 - TNF-alpha

Question 51

The reflex which stimulates movement of food from large intestine to rectum, and stimulates your urge to poop

Answer 51

Gastrocolic reflex - Common in mornings. Happens every time the stomach distends with new food entering