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BLOCK 1 > TRANSPORT IN THE GIT TRACT > Flashcards

TRANSPORT IN THE GIT TRACT Flashcards

LECTURE 1

1
Q

The two regulators of GIT processes

A
  • Neural regulation
  • Hormonal regulation
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2
Q

The two extrinsic neural regulators

A

-Parasymphathetic nervous systems
-Sympathetic nervous systems

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3
Q

An extrinsic neural regulator with exitatory or stimulatory impact on the GIT

A

Parasympathetic nervous system

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4
Q

An extrinsic neural regulator with inhibitory impact on the GIT

A

Sympathetic nervous systems

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5
Q

An extrinsic neural regulator which acts via the vagus nerve, with the nerve being stimulated by entry of bolus on upper stomach (cardia)

A

parasympathetic nervous system

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6
Q

An extrinsic neural regulator which acts via the pre-synaptic nerves, and inhibits the functioning of GIT?

A

sympathetic NS

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7
Q

What are the 2 peristalsis waves seen on the oesophogus?

A
  • primary/active wave- induced by deglutition
  • Secondary wave- induced by distention of the oesophogus
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8
Q

The two contractions associated with bulk movements in the GIT

A

Tonic and Phasic contractions

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9
Q

Consequence of Lower esophageal Sphincter (LES) failure

A

Megaesophagus (which leads to achalasia)

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10
Q

What causes the lower esophageal sphincter failure?

A

Failure of the LES to relax

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11
Q

Where does ulceration of the LES comes from?

A

The food enclosed on the esophogus get putrefied/fermented producing organic acids.

-These acids cause ulcers in the LES

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12
Q

Ways to manage LES failure?

A

-Injection with botulinum toxin into the LES
- probe with inflattable balloon or surgery
-

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13
Q

Symptom of achalasia

A

-difficulty swallowing

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14
Q

An intrinsic neural regulation of the GIT involving plexuses?

A

Enteric nervous systems

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15
Q

Two branches of the enteric nervous systems?

A

-myenteric plexus
- submucosa plexus

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16
Q

A plexus found between the circular and longitudinal muscles of the GIT?
And its regulates motility

A

myenteric plexus

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17
Q

A plexus found in the submucosa, and regulates secretions?

A

submucosal plexus

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18
Q

Helps maintain osmotic balance

A

fluid and electrolyte absorption

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19
Q

3 factors affecting absorption

A
  • cytokines
  • Age effect
  • Food allergens
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20
Q

How cytokines affect absorption in the GIT?

A

They regulate movement across cells

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21
Q

How age impact absorption?

A
  • GIT of infants is more permeable than that of adults
  • Also, adults absorb more fats than infants
22
Q

Impact of food allergens on absorption

A

They reduce absorption

23
Q

Digestion is divided into/ OR Digestion of food is aided both____AND______

A

physically and chemically

24
Q

Crushing of food by teeth and churning movement of muscles signifies________digestion

A

Physical

25
Q

Food break down by enzymes and and conversion of macromolecules to micromolecules signifies_____digestion

A

Chemical

26
Q

The vitamin absorbed in the terminal of the ileum

A

B12

27
Q

Content mostly absorbed in the large intestine?

A

other water soluble vitamins

28
Q

Where does absorbtion of glucose, fractose, galactose take place?

A

Small intestine

29
Q

Absorption of glucose is through___?

A

Sodium-Glucose Symport (SGLP)

30
Q

Absorption of fructose uptake is trhough___?

A

GLUT-5 (glucose transporter- 5)

31
Q

Absorption of glucose, fructose and galactose is through_____?

A

GLUT-2

32
Q

A bulk movement in the small intestine which stimulates absorption of nutrients and vitamins?

A

segmantation

-involves circular muscles of small intestines

33
Q

A bulk movement in the small intestine which sweeps ‘ingesta’ into the large intestines?

A

Migrating motor complex

34
Q

A hormone regulating ‘migrating motor complex’

A

motilin

35
Q

Cells producing hormone motilin, which regulates Migrating motor complex?

A

Endocrine Mo cells

36
Q

Hormone motilin falls under which of the two GIT process regulators?

A

hormonal regulation

37
Q

Two types of transport seen in the intestines aiding nutrient absorption?

A

Passive and active transport

38
Q

Sodium-Glucose symport is an example of active or passive transport?

A

Active

39
Q

Substances absorbed through passive transport

A

-Fat soluble nutrients
- Vitamins A,D,E,K

40
Q

Intake of solids into cells via plasma membrane invagination?

A

endocytosis

41
Q

A form of endocytosis dependent on clathrin receptors, or involves coating of the vesicle with clathrin?

A

Clathrin dependent/ mediated

42
Q

Membrane invaginates to form a pocket of 5 micro-meter which is filled with a large volume of extracellular fluid and molecules.

-And the pocket pinches off into the cell

A

-Micropinocytosis

43
Q

With regards to hormonal regulation of the GIT, we have hormones produced by entero-endocrine cells, and hormones from exogenous endocrine cells. What are the 2 hormones from exogenous endocrine cells?

A
  • Aldosterone
  • Insulin
44
Q

An exogenous hormone which regulates intestinal electrolyte absorption?

A

Aldosterone

45
Q

An exogenous hormone which regulates intestinal glucose absorption

A

Insulin

46
Q

Disoders of the GIT

A
  • LES failure
  • Constipation
  • Diarrhoea
  • Adynamic ileus
47
Q

Results from temporary paralysis or decreased motility of the intestines?

A

Adynamic ileus

48
Q

Activates OPIOID receptors which will mediate an increased SNS activity resulting to inhibition of GIT motility and secretion?

A

damage/trauma to intestines

49
Q

Increases noradrenergic discharge in splanchnic nerves, which will mediate an increased SNS activity resulting to inhibition of GIT motility and secretion?

A

peritoneal irritation

50
Q

Increases GIT permeability for effective absorption of nutrients

A
  • Interferon 8
  • Interleukin 1, 3, 4
  • TNF-alpha
51
Q

The reflex which stimulates movement of food from large intestine to rectum, and stimulates your urge to poop

A

Gastrocolic reflex

  • Common in mornings. Happens every time the stomach distends with new food entering

BLOCK 1 (18 decks)

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