Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Oncology > Treatment > Flashcards

Treatment Flashcards

(120 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

Define Growth Factor

A

Proportion of cells in a tumor actively involved in cell division

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Define Generation Time

A

Length of a cell cycle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Define Resting Phase

A

Cells do not engage in synthetic activity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Cell Cycle Specific Chemotherapy Mode of Action

A

Kills in specific phase of cell cycle

Useful in tumors with high growth index

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Cell Cycle Non-specific Chemotherapy Mod of Action

A

Kills in all phases

Useful in tumors with low growth index

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Which part of the cell cycle does Nitrosoureas act on?

A

G0 State

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Which part of the cycle does Asparaginase & Actinomycin D act on?

A

G1

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Which medications act on the S phase of the cell cycle?

A

Antimetabolites
Antifolates
Antipyrimidines
Antipurines

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Which part of the cell cycle does Bleomycin act on?

A

G2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Which part of the cell cycle does Vinca alkaloids act on?

A

Mitosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Which medications are phase non-specific?

A

Alkylating agents
Antitumor antibiotics
Other (cisplatin)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are the 3 modalities for treatment of cancer?

A

Surgery: definitive, staging, palliative
Chemotherapy: IV vs. oral, neoadjuvent vs. adjuvent
Radiation: definitive, salvage, palliative

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Define Definitive

A

Treatment plan that has been chosen as the best one for the patient after all other choices have been considered

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Define Palliative

A

Relieving or soothing the symptoms of a disease without producing a cure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Means of Administering Systemic Chemotherapy

A 
Intravenously
Injection
Intraperitoneal
Orally
Topically
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are the classes of chemotherapy drugs?

A 
Alkylating agents
Antimetabolites
Mitotic inhibitors
Anthracyclines
Topoisomerase inhibitors
Miscellaneous
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

MOA of Alkylating Agents

A

Directly damage DNA to keep the cell from reproducing

Work in ALL phases of cell cycle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What types of cancers are treated with alkylating agents?

A 
Leukemia
Lymphoma
Hodgkin's disease
Multiple myeloma
Sarcoma
Lung
Breast
Ovarian
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Alkylating Agent Primary Toxicities

A

N/V
Myelosuppression
Alopecia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Classes of Alkylating Agents

A

Nitrogen mustards
Platinum analogs
Tiazenes
Miscellaneous

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Nitrogen Mustards Medications (Alkylating Agents)

A

Mechlorethamine (nitrogen mustard)
Cyclophosphamide (Cytoxan)
Ifosfamide (Ifex)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Cyclphosphamide (Cytoxan) SE

A

Hemorrhagic Cystitis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Hemorrhagic Cystitis

A

May shed large segments of bladder mucosa
May lead to urinary obstruction
Concentrated urine may cause severe bladder damage
Increase fluid intake before & after infusion & empty bladder frequently

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Platinum Analogues Medications (Alkylating Agents)

A

Carboplatin (Paraplatin)
Cistplatin (Platinol)
Oxaliplatin (Eloxatin)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Cisplatin (Platinol) SE
Nephrotoxicity Neurotoxicity Ototoxicity
26
What labs do you need to follow with cisplatin?
CBC | CMP
27
Ways to Prevent Nephrotoxicity with Cisplatin
Vigorously hydrated prior, during, & after administration Amifostine
28
Ways to Preven Neurotoxicity with Cisplatin
Amifostine
29
What cancer is there a possibility of developing with the use of alkylating agents?
Leukemia: due to damaged DNA, can cause long-term damage to the bone marrow
30
MOA of Antimetabolites
Interfere with DNA & RNA growth by substituting for the normal building blocks of RNA & DNA Damage during the S phase
31
What are antimetabolites used to treat?
Leukemias Breast CA Ovarian CA Intestinal tract CA
32
Primary Antimetabolite Toxicities
Myelosuppression N/V Mucositis Dermatologic (rash, injection site reaction, dermatitis, pruritis)
33
Classes of Antimetabolites
Folate antagonists Purine analogs Pyrimidine analogs
34
Folate Antagonist Medication
Methotrexate (MTX, Trexall)
35
Purine Analog Medication
Mercaptopurine (6-MP, Purinethol)
36
Pyrimidine Analog Medications
Fluorouracil (5-FU) | Gemcitabine (Gemzar)
37
Methotrexate (MTX; Trexall) Toxicity
Myelosuppression Mucositis Damage to liver & kidney
38
What medication can help reverse the toxic effects of MTX?
Leucovorin
39
Methotrexate (MTX; Trexall) & Effusions
Methotrexate will go into the effusions and leak out continuously exposing normal tissue to the drug
40
What can help prevent crystallization of the urine in methotrexate use?
Vigorous hydration & bicarbonate
41
Drugs that may impair methotrexate (MTX) excretion
``` ASA NSAIDs Amiodorone Omeprazole PCN Phenytoin Sulfa compounds ```
42
MOA of Mitotic Inhibitors
Altering the DNA inside cancer cells to keep them from growing & multiplying Stops mitosis from happening
43
What are mitotic inhibitors also known as?
Anti-tumor antibiotics | Antimicrotubules
44
Classes of Mitotic Inhibitors
Vinca Alkaloids Taxanes Epothilone Antracyclines
45
Mitotic Inhibitor Toxicities
Myelosuppression Anaphylactic reactions Peripheral neuropathy
46
Types of Cancer Mitotic Inhibitors Treat
``` Breast Lung Myelomas Lymphomas Leukemias ```
47
Taxane Medications
Paclitaxel (Taxol) | Docetaxel (Taxotere)
48
Epothilone Medications
Ixabepilone (Ixempra)
49
Vinca Alkaloid Medications
Vinblastine (Velban) Vincristine (Oncovin) Vinorelbine (Navelbine)
50
Where do the Vinca Alkaloids act?
Interfere with M phase
51
Vincristine (Oncovin) SE
Neuropathy: paresthesias in fingers and toes; distal to proximal; constipation
52
Anthracyclines Medication
Daunorubicin (Cerubidine) Doxorubicin (Adriamycin) Idarubicin Epirubicin
53
Anthracyclines SE
Cardiotoxicity: systolic CHF; acute, subacute, late
54
Risk Factors for Cardiotoxicity
High cumulative dose Age >70 Previous/current chest radiation Cardiac disease
55
Scan to determine ejection fraction with anthracyclines
MUGA
56
MOA of Topoisomerase Inhibitors
Interfere with topoisomerases | Help separate strands of DNA to be copied in the S phase
57
Topoisomerase I Inhibitor Medications
Topotecan
58
Topoisomerase II Inhibitor Medications
Etoposide
59
Topoisomerase Inhibitors Treat Which Cancers
Leukemias Lung Ovarian Gastrointestinal
60
Topoisomerase Inhibitors SE
Myelosuppression Alopecia GI toxicity
61
What medications can increase the risk of a second cancer (AML)?
Topoisomerase II inhibitors
62
Examples of Miscellaneous Agents
Actinomycin-D | Bleomycin
63
Bleomycin (Blenoxane) SE
``` Edema of interphalangeal joints Hardening of the skin on the palms & soles Anaphylactic or serum sickness Pulmonary fibrosis Hypotensive reaction ```
64
What to watch for with pulmonary fibrosis?
Cough Dyspnea Infiltrates
65
What are targeted therapies?
Newer drugs that attack cancer cells more specifically than traditional chemotherapy drugs
66
Targeted therapies are most effective in what cancers?
Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma Leukemia Lung CA Breast CA
67
Example of Targeted Therapy
Imatinib (Gleevec)
68
MOA of Differentiating Agents
Act on the cancer cells to make them mature into normal cells
69
Examples of Differentiating Agents
Retinoids, tretinoin (ATRA or Atralin) Bexarotene (Targretin) Arsenic trioxide (Arsenox)
70
MOA of Hormone Therapy
Change the action or production of female or male hormones | Making the cancer cells unable to use the hormone needed to grow
71
Classes of Hormone Therapy
``` Anti-estrogens Aromatase inhibitors Progestins Estrogens Anti-androgens Gonadotropin-releasing hormone ```
72
Example of Anti-Estrogen Agent
Tamoxifen
73
Example of Aromatase Inhibitors
Anastrozole (Arimidex)
74
Example of Anti-Androgen
Bicalutamide (Casodex)
75
Example of Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone
leuprolide (Lupron)
76
Types of Immunotherapy
Active immunotherapy | Passive immunotherapy
77
Define Active Immunotherapy
Stimulate the body's own immune system to fight the disease
78
Define Passive Immunotherapy
Doesn't rely on the body to attack the disease | Man made monoclonal antibodies
79
Define Checkpoint Inhibitor
New monoclonal antibody that works by blocking the signal that cancer cells send out telling the immune system not to attack Allows immune system to recognize the tumor
80
Cancers that Respond to Immunotherapy
Melanoma Kidney CA Lung CA
81
Examples of Active Immunotherapy
Rituximab (Rituxan) | BCG
82
Define Chemotherapy Cycle
Involves a dose of one or more drugs followed by several days or weeks without treatment
83
Why are chemotherapy cycles separated by a certain amount of days?
Allow normal cells time to recover from drug SE
84
Define Adjuvent Chemotherapy
Set course given to patients with no evidence of disease after surgery or radiation
85
Define Neoadjuvent Chemotherapy
Aims at eradicating micrometastatic disease or reduce inoperable disease
86
Define Induction Chemotherapy
Combination chemotherapy given in high dose to cause a remission
87
Define Maintenance Chemotherapy
Long term, low dose regimen given in remission | Helps to maintain remission
88
Define Ionizing Radiation
Production of free hydrogen ions & hydroxyl radicals
89
Acute Toxicities of Skin Radiation
Erythema Dry desquamation Moist desquamation
90
Subacute Toxicity of Skin Radiation
Hyperpigmentation
91
Late Toxicities of Skin Radiation
Hypopigmentation in the treatment field Telangiectasis (spider veins) Fibrosis
92
Acute Toxicities of Brain Radiation
Fatigue Hair loss Erythema of the skin Desquamation
93
Late Toxicities of Brain Radiation
Cognitive dysfunction Edema Necrosis
94
Acute Toxicities of Head/Neck Radiation
Mucositis Taste dysfunction Pain Xerostomia
95
Signs/Symptoms of Mucositis
Odynophagia Dehydration Weight loss
96
Late Toxicities of Head/Neck Radiation
``` Permanent xerostomia Soft tissue fibrosis Osteoradionecrosis of the mandible Dysphagia Pharyngeal stricture ```
97
Acute (Common & Temporary) Toxicities of Breast Radiation
``` Skin Redness Dry desquamation Moist desquamation Pain: OTC analgesics, narcotics Fatigue ```
98
Late (Uncommon & Permanent) Toxicities of Breast Radiation
``` Fibrosis Hyperpigmentation Cosmetic failure Rib fracture (rare) Pneumonia (rare) Cardiac (rare) Secondary malignancies (rare) ```
99
Acute Toxicities of Lung Radiation
Esophagitis Cough Skin Reaction Fatigue
100
Ways to Treat Esophagitis
Mucosal anesthetics Agents that coat the surface Liquid analgesics
101
Ways to Treat Cough as a Toxicity of Lung Radiation
Antitussives with or without codeine Bed rest Bronchodilators Corticosteroids
102
Late Toxicities of Lung Radiation
Radiation pneumonitis Pulmonary fibrosis Esophageal stricture Brachial plexopathy
103
Acute Toxicities of Esophageal Radiation
``` Esophagitis Modest skin tanning Fatigue Weight loss Diarrhea N/V ```
104
Late Toxicities of Esophageal Radiation
Esophageal stricture & stenosis Perforation Pneumonitis
105
What percentage of patients develop esophageal stricture & stenosis in esophageal radiation treatment?
>60%
106
Signs/Symptoms of Esophageal Perforation
Substernal chest pain Elevated pulse Fever Hemorrhage
107
Acute Toxicities of Abdominal, Stomach, Pancreas, or Hepatobiliary Radiation
Dyspepsia: PPI Anorexia Nausea: prophylactic zofran Fatigue
108
Late Toxicities of Abdominal, Stomach, Pancreas, or Hepatobiliary Radiation
Bowel obstruction Worsening DM secondary to worsening pancreatic function Liver/Kidney issues
109
Acute Toxicities of Pelvic Radiation
Diarrhea Rectal irritation Urinary symptoms Fatigue
110
Medications to Treat Diarrhea
Imodium | Lomotil
111
Signs/Symptoms of Rectal Irritation in Pelvic Radiation
Pain | Bleeding
112
Urinary Symptoms with Pelvic Radiation
Frequency/urgency Dysuria Nocturia Retention
113
Late Toxicities of Pelvic Radiation
Persistent urinary symptoms Bowel changes Erectile dysfunction
114
Persistent Urinary Symptoms in Pelvic Radiation
Frequency Nocturia Incontinence with stress
115
Bowel Changes in Pelvic Radiation
Loose stools
116
Acute Toxicities of Anal Radiation
``` Skin reactions: dry or moist desquamation Leukopenia Thrombocytopenia Proctitis Diarrhea Cystitis ```
117
Subacute & Late Toxicities of Anal Radiation
``` Chronic diarrhea Rectal urgency Sterility Impotence Vaginal dryness Vaginal fibrosis Possible decreased testosterone ```
118
Toxicities of GYN Radiation
``` Cystitis Proctitis Fistula: rectovaginal, vesicovaginal Vaginal ulceration or necrosis Vaginal stenosis Skin reactions ```
119
What is the only systemic toxicity with radiation?
Fatigue
120
What is degree of damage dependent on?
Types of radiation used Total dose administered Field size/fractionation

Oncology (11 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions