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Oncology > Staging & Tumor Types > Flashcards

Staging & Tumor Types Flashcards

(75 cards)

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1
Q

Define Staging

A

Process of finding out how much cancer is in a person’s body & where it is located

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2
Q

What does staging help with?

A

Treatment plans

Predict person’s prognosis

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3
Q

Main Factors in Staging

A

Location of primary tumor
Tumor size & extent of tumors
Lymph node involvement
Presence or absence of distant metastasis

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4
Q

How are cancers staged?

A

Imaging
Lab tests
PE
Pathology reports

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5
Q

Types of Staging

A

Clinical staging

Pathologic staging

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6
Q

Define Clinical Staging

A

Estimate of the extent of cancer based on results

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7
Q

Most Common Staging System

A

TNM

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8
Q

What does TNM stand for?

A

T: primary tumor
N: nodes
M: metastasis

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9
Q

What information about the primary tumor is given with the T number?

A

Size
How deep it has grown into the organ
If it has grown into nearby tissues

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10
Q

Define TX

A

Tumor can’t be measured

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11
Q

Define T0

A

No evidence of primary tumor

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12
Q

DefineTis

A

Cancer cells are only growing into most superficial layers

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13
Q

Define N in the TNM Staging

A

Describes whether the cancer has spread into the lymph nodes

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14
Q

Define NX

A

Nearby lymph nodes can’t be evaluated

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15
Q

Define N0

A

Nearby lymph nodes do not contain cancer

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16
Q

Meaning of Numbers After N

A

Size
Location
# of nodes

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17
Q

Define M in the TNM Staging

A

Tell whether cancer has spread to a distant body part

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18
Q

Define M0

A

No cancer spread was found

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19
Q

Define M1

A

Cancer has spread to distant organs or tissues

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20
Q

Stage 0

A

Carcinoma in situ

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21
Q

Stage I, II, III

A

Higher numbers indicate more extensive disease

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22
Q

Stage IV

A

Cancer has spread to distant tissues or organs

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23
Q

Other Staging Terms

A 
In situ
Localized
Regional
Distant
Unknown
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24
Q

Define Localized

A

Limited to place where it started

No spread

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25
Define Regional
Nearby lymph nodes
26
Define Distant
Distant part of the body | Ex: brain, liver, bones
27
Tumor Types
``` Carcinoma Sarcoma Leukemia Lymphoma Multiple Myeloma Melanoma Brain & Spinal Cord Tumors Others ```
28
Define Carcinoma
Cancer formed by epithelial cells | Ex: adenocarcinoma, BCC, SCC, transitional cell carcinoma
29
Define Adenocarcinoma
Cancer that produces fluids or mucus
30
Define Basal Cell Carcinoma
Cancer that begins in the base layer of epidermis
31
Define Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Cancer in the epithelial cells that lie just beneath the outer surface of the skin, stomach, intestines, lungs, bladder, & kidneys
32
Define Transitional Cell Carcinoma
Cancer in the epithelial cells called transitional epithelium or urothelium
33
Define Sarcoma
Cancers that form in bone & soft tissue
34
Most Common Cancer of the Bone
Osteosarcoma
35
Most Common Soft Tissue Cancers
Leiomyosarcoma Kaposi sarcoma Malignant fibrous histiocytoma
36
Define Leukemia
Cancers that begin in the blood-forming tissue of the bone marrow
37
4 Common Types of Leukemia
``` Acute Lymphoblastic (ALL) Acute Myeloid (AML) Chronic Lymphoblastic (CML) Chronic Myeloid (CML) ```
38
Define Lymphoma
Cancer that begins in the lymphocytes (T or B cells)
39
2 Main Types of Lymphoma
Hodgkin's | Non-Hodgkin's
40
Define Multiple Myeloma
Cancer that begins in the plasma cells
41
Define Brain & Spinal Cord Tumors
Named based on type of cell they formed & where tumor first formed in the CNS
42
Other Types of Tumors
Germ Cell tumors Neuroendocrine tumors Carcinoid tumors
43
Define Neuroendocrine Tumors
Release hormones into the blood
44
Define Carcinoid Tumors
Serotonin release
45
Define Adenocarcinoma
Cancer that forms in mucus-secreting glands throughout the body
46
Types of Adenocarcinomas
``` Lung CA Prostate CA Pancreatic CA Esophageal CA Colorectal CA ```
47
Where do the pancreatic adenocarcinomas form?
Pancreatic ducts
48
Where is the cancer found in esophageal adenocarcinoma?
Glandular cells
49
Where is the cancer found in colorectal adenocarcinoma?
Intestinal gland cells that line inside of colon or rectum
50
2 Types of Small Cell Lung Cancer
Oat cell | Combined small cell
51
3 Sub-types of Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer
SCC Large cell carcinoma Aenocarcinoma
52
2 Types of Carcinoid Tumors
Lung | Gastrointestinal
53
2 Types of Lung Carcinoid Tumors
Typical | Atypical
54
Where do gastrointestinal carcinoid tumors form?
Stomach Small intestine Rectum Appendix
55
Where are squamous cells found?
Tissue that forms the surface of the skin, lining of hollow organs, lining of the respiratory tract & digestive tracts
56
Where are clear cells found?
Breast, on the skin, lower urinary tract, & organs of female reproductive system Renal cell carcinoma
57
Define Germ Cell Carcinoma
Cells that develop in the embryo & become the cells that make up the reproductive system
58
Where do germ cell carcinomas arise?
``` Ovaries/Testes (most common) Head Chest Abdomen Pelvis Lower back ```
59
Different Types of Germ Cell Carcinomas
``` Teratomas Germinomas Endodermal sinus tumor/yolk sac tumor Choriocarcinoma Embryonal carcinoma ```
60
Define Myxoma
Myxoid tumor of primitive connective tissue
61
Most Common Primary Tumor of the Heart in Adults
Myxoma
62
What does a pathology report entail?
Diagnosis determined by examining cells & tissue under a microscope Gross description form pathologist
63
Types of Tissue Biopsy
Fine needle Open (punch, excision) Surgical excision Cytology (from fluid)
64
Tissue Processing
Permanent section | Frozen section
65
Information Within a Pathology Report
``` Patient information Gross description Microscopic description Diagnosis Tumor size Tumor margins Other information Pathologist's signature ```
66
Diagnostic Terms Used on a Pathology Report
``` Abscess Atypical Carcinoma Dysplasia Granuloma Hyperplasia Metaplasia Well differentiated Poorly differentiated Mitotic rate/index ```
67
Define Atypical on a Pathology Report
Vague warning but not worried enough to call it cancer
68
Define Carcinoma on a Pathology Report
Neoplasm derived from epithelium
69
Define Dysplasia on a Pathology Report
Atypical proliferation of cells
70
Define Granuloma on a Pathology Report
Type of inflammation characterized by accumulations of macrophages which combine into "giant cells"
71
Define Hyperplasia on a Pathology Report
Proliferation of cells which is not neoplastic
72
Define Metaplasia on a Pathology Report
One type of cell is replaced with another type of cell
73
Define Well Differentiated on a Pathology Report
How much or how little tumor tissue looks like normal tissue it came from
74
Define Poorly Differentiated on a Pathology Report
Lack the structure & function of normal cells & grow uncontrollable
75
Define Mitotic Rate
Measure of how fast cancer cells are dividing & growing

Oncology (11 decks)

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