Tumor Markers

Question 1

Define Tumor Markers

Answer 1

Glycoprotein molecules in the blood that are detected by monoclonal antibodies

Question 2

Usefulness of Tumor Markers

Answer 2

Screening
Determining diagnosis & prognosis
Assessing response to therapy
Monitoring for CA recurrence

Question 3

Where are tumor markers found?

Answer 3

Blood
Urine
Body tissue

Question 4

Function of Tumor Markers

Answer 4

Help detect, diagnose & manage some types of cancers

Question 5

“Ideal” Tumor Marker

Answer 5

Highly specific to a specific cancer
Highly sensitive
Long lead time
Levels correlate with tumor burden

Question 6

Limitations of Tumor Markers

Answer 6

Elevated marker level may be caused by another condition/disease
Some levels may be high in people without cancer
Levels may vary over time
Almost everyone has small amount of a marker
Levels get higher only when large amount of cancer present
Some people with cancer never have high levels

Question 7

Multiple Factors with Tumor Markers

Answer 7

Persons age & gender
Which test kit the alb uses
How test is done

Question 8

CA 15-3 & CA 27.29 Cancer Type

Answer 8

Breast Cancer

Question 9

CA 15-3 & CA 27.29 Tissue Analyzed

Answer 9

Blood

Question 10

How is CA 15-3 & CA 27-29 used?

Answer 10

Assess whether treatment is working or disease has reocurred

Question 11

What Cancers is CA15-3 & CA 270-29 found in?

Answer 11

Colon
Gastric
Hepatic
Lung
Pancreatic
Ovarian
Prostate

Question 12

Benign Conditions that CA15-3 & CA27-29 are found in?

Answer 12

Kidney disease

Cystic disease

Question 13

CEA Cancer Type

Answer 13

Colorectal

Breast

Question 14

CEA Tissue Analyzed

Answer 14

Blood

Question 15

How is CEA used?

Answer 15

Check if colorectal cancer has spread
Look for breast cancer recurrence
Assess breast cancer response to treatment

Question 16

What is CEA found in?

Answer 16

Breast
Lung
Gastric
Thyroid
Lymphoma
Melanoma

Question 17

Benign Conditions with Elevated CEA

Answer 17

Cigarette smoking
PUD
IMBS
Pancreatitis
Cirhosis
Hyperthyroidism

Question 18

Cancer Types for CA 19-9

Answer 18

Pancreatic (most common)
Gallbaldder
Bile duct
Gastric CA

Question 19

Tissue Analyzed for CA 19-9

Answer 19

Blood

Question 20

How is CA 19-9 used?

Answer 20

Assess if treatment is working

Question 21

CA 19-9 Found in

Answer 21

Colon
Esophageal
Hepatic

Question 22

AFP Cancer Types

Answer 22

Liver

Germ cell tumors

Question 23

Tissue Anayzed for AFP

Answer 23

Blood

Question 24

How is AFP used?

Answer 24

Help diagnose liver cancer & follows response to treatment
Assess stage, prognosis, & response to treatment of germ cell tumors

Question 25

AFT Found In

Answer 25

Gastric CA Biliary CA Pancreatic CA

Question 26

Benign Conditions with Elevated AFP

Answer 26

Cirrhosis Hepatitis Pregnancy

Question 27

B-HCG Cancer Types

Answer 27

Choriocarcinoma | Testicular CA

Question 28

Tissue Analyzed for B-HCG

Answer 28

Urine | Blood

Question 29

How is B-HCG used?

Answer 29

Assess stage, prognosis, & response to treatment | Non-seminomatous germ cell tumors

Question 30

B-HCG Found In

Answer 30

Gastrointestinal CA

Question 31

Benign Conditions with Elevated B-HCG

Answer 31

Pregnancy Hypogonadism Marijuana use

Question 32

CA 125 Cancer Type

Answer 32

Ovarian CA

Question 33

Tissue Analyze for CA 125

Answer 33

Blood

Question 34

How is CA 125 used?

Answer 34

Help diagnose, assessment of response to treatment and evaluations

Question 35

CA 125 Found In

Answer 35

``` Endometrial Fallopian tube Breast Lung Esophageal Hepatic ```

Question 36

Benign Conditions with Elevated CA 125

Answer 36

``` Menstruation Fibroids Cirrhoidsis Ascites Pregnancy ```

Question 37

PSA Cancer Type

Answer 37

Prostate CA

Question 38

Tissue Analyzed for PSA

Answer 38

Blood

Question 39

How is PSA used?

Answer 39

Help diagnose, assess response to treatment, & look for recurrence

Question 40

PSA Found In

Answer 40

Prostate CA

Question 41

Benign Conditions with Elevated PSA

Answer 41

Prostatitis Prostate hypertrophy Post ejaculation

Question 42

What medications will decrease the PSA by half?

Answer 42

Finasteride (Proscar) | Dutasteride (Avodart)

Question 43

Screening of PSA

Answer 43

Not recommended in average risk 40-54 year olds | Discussion about risk vs. benefits in 55-69 year olds

Question 44

Post Treatment PSA

Answer 44

Rise in levels after radical prostatectomy suggest recurrence