Tree Improvement

Question 1

The application of genetic principles to the
improvement of forest trees

Answer 1

tree breeding

Question 2

Application of Forest Genetics. The activities are geared to solve some specific problems or to produce a specially desired product

Answer 2

FOREST TREE BREEDING

Question 3

Tree breeding coupled with silvicultural practices is generally referred to as

Answer 3

tree improvement

Question 4

Application of tree breeding and Marriage of tree breeding and silviculture.

Answer 4

FOREST TREE IMPROVEMENT

Question 5

designed to create a more or less permanent improvement in the character/trait of interest.

Answer 5

Tree improvement

Question 6

Genetic improvement of trees is further enhanced by sound ____ _____.

Answer 6

silvicultural operations

Question 7

The Basic Principle

Answer 7

P=G+E+GE
Phenotype is equals to genotype plus the environment plus the genotype and environment interaction.

Question 8

What controls sap sweetness?

Answer 8

Weather
Soil
Competition
Aspect

Question 9

It will take care of the G component, understanding the strength of the genetic control on the character to be improved

Answer 9

Forest Genetics

Question 10

This will take care of the E component

Answer 10

Silviculture

Question 11

This will play a significant role in the GE component

Answer 11

Tree Improvement

Question 12

a major factor that determines the success of any reforestation.

Answer 12

Seedling quality

Question 13

Objectives of Tree Improvement

Answer 13

1.Increase yield of forest products per area per unit/time
2. Sustain/stabilize production
3. Expand area of production
4. Improve quality of products

Question 14

The tree improvement process is best portrayed by

Answer 14

continuous cycle of selection, breeding, and testing.

Question 15

The Tree Improvement Cycle

Answer 15

1) selecting the most desirable trees from natural
stands or plantations
2) breeding or mating these select trees and
3) testing the resulting progeny.

Question 16

The aim of selection is to choose the best ____ ____.

Answer 16

phenotypic tree

Question 17

This will be the starting point in the improvement of the genotypic characteristics of the planting materials

Answer 17

Selection

Question 18

has a superior phenotype and appears to be adaptable

Answer 18

PLUS TREE

Question 19

not tested for its genetic worth, although the chances of its having a good genotype are high for characteristics with a reasonable heredity

Answer 19

PLUS TREE

Question 20

selected trees that have proven to be genetically superior by means of progeny testing

Answer 20

ELITE TREE

Question 21

a tree that has been selected for grading
because of its desirable phenotypic qualities that has not yet been graded or tested

Answer 21

CANDIDATE TREE

Question 22

trees that are located in the same stand, and of nearly the same age, are growing on the same stand or better site as the select tree and against which the select tree is graded

Answer 22

CHECK TREE

Question 23

VARIATIONS IN FOREST TREES

Answer 23

1.Geographic Variation
2.Stand to Stand Variation
3.Individual Tree Variations

Question 24

refers to the differences in traits observed among tree populations across different geographical regions

Answer 24

Geographic Variation

Question 25

Differences among stands within the same physiographic region

Answer 25

Stand to Stand Variation

Question 26

Benguet Pine from ____ is one of the best; Narra from ___ and Dipterocarps from _____.

Answer 26

Bokod, Cagayan, Mindanao

Question 27

an important source of variation for practical breeding programs.

Answer 27

Individual Tree Variation

Question 28

FORCES THAT SHAPES VARIATION

Answer 28

1.Selection 2.Mutation 3.Gene flow 4.Genetic Drift

Question 29

-Determines which tree willl grow or not -May increase variation if varoring heterozygotes

Answer 29

Selection

Question 30

-Heritable change in the genetic constitution -Most are recessive and have little effects on phenotype -Ultimate source of variation

Answer 30

Mutation

Question 31

-migration of alleles from one population to another -movement of pollen or seed -species introduction

Answer 31

Gene flow

Question 32

-chance fluctuations in allele frequencies -difficult to prove in trees and hence not considered as significant in tree breeding

Answer 32

Genetic drift

Question 33

A group of genetically identical plants derived asexually from a single individual.

Answer 33

CLONES

Question 34

is an independent member of a clone

Answer 34

RAMET

Question 35

is the parental stock or the original plant from which the members of a clone have descended

Answer 35

ORTET

Question 36

the practice of crossing trees that differ considerably in their genetic make-up.

Answer 36

BREEDING

Question 37

Its objectives is to develop resistant species to insects and diseases, high wood quality, adoptable species with fast growth.

Answer 37

BREEDING

Question 38

transferring pollen from one plant to the receptive female reproductive organs of another plant while excluding all other pollen

Answer 38

Controlled pollination

Question 39

The trees involved in the Tree Improvement Cycle are referred to as the __ ____.

Answer 39

Breeding population.

Question 40

The ___ ____ is another group of trees established to meet commercial planting demands.

Answer 40

production population

Question 41

Seed produced from tree improvement breeding efforts are used to establish ____ ___.

Answer 41

progeny tests

Question 42

an effective way of determining whether the observed superiority of a mother plant is environmentally-induced or genetically based

Answer 42

Progeny test

Question 43

The purpose of Progeny tests is to:

Answer 43

-provide genetic information about the select parent trees -provide an improved population of trees from which the next generation of select tees is made

Question 44

Major Tree Improvement Methods

Answer 44

1. Hybridization 2. Biotechnology 3. Clonal Forestry 4. SPA and Seed Orchard

Question 45

breeding of two parents with different genotypes

Answer 45

Hybridization

Question 46

the offspring of two different species

Answer 46

Hybrid

Question 47

Hybrid plants tend to be:

Answer 47

- more vigorous than their parents * often have faster growth * increased yield * greater size

Question 48

a natural hybrid between the kumquat and the mandarin orange, and is the result of cross-pollination.

Answer 48

calamansi

Question 49

A phenomenon where hybrid offspring exhibit superior traits, such as increased growth rate, reproductive success, and yield, compared to their purebred parents

Answer 49

Heterosis

Question 50

the techniques that uses living organisms or part of organisms to make or modify products, biomass utilization, microbial applications to soil management, mining and oil fields.

Answer 50

Biotechnology

Question 51

an animal, plant, or microbe whose DNA has been altered using genetic engineering techniques

Answer 51

GENETICALLY MODIFIED ORGANISMS

Question 52

The formulated product containing one or more microorganisms that enhance the nutrient status (the growth and yield) of the plants by either replacing soil nutrients and/or by making nutrients more available to plants and/or by increasing plant access to nutrients

Answer 52

BIOFERTILIZERS

Question 53

special soil microorganisms that can form a symbiotic relationship with legumes resulting in biological nitrogen fixation, or BNF.

Answer 53

RHIZOBIA

Question 54

a long-term interaction between members of different species that often benefits one or both organisms

Answer 54

Symbiotic relationship

Question 55

a method of converting atmospheric nitrogen into nitrogenous compounds (ammonia) by microorganisms

Answer 55

biological nitrogen fixation

Question 56

The best known and most exploited symbiotic N2-fixing bacteria

Answer 56

RHIZOBIA

Question 57

The associations between roots and fungi are called _____

Answer 57

mycorrhizae

Question 58

long extensions of the fungus, which can grow into small soil pores that allow access to phosphorus otherwise unavailable to the plant.

Answer 58

Hyphae

Question 59

Phytoremediation uses plants to clean up contaminated environments.

Answer 59

PHYTOREMEDIATION

Question 60

How Does Phytoremediation Work?

Answer 60

Store the contaminants in the roots, stems, or leaves. Convert them to less harmful chemicals within the plant or, more commonly, the root zone.Lastly, Convert them to vapors, which are released into the air

Question 61

Activities done in Clonal Forestry

Answer 61

1. Tree Breeding/Forest Tree Improvement – 2. Clonal Selection 3. Clonal Testing 4. Clonal Propagation 5. Clonal Development

Question 62

this is the backbone of Clonal forestry

Answer 62

Tree Breeding/Forest Tree Improvement

Question 63

a deliberate attempt to grow tree species in a new habitat which maybe within or outside their natural geographical occurrence is termed species trial.

Answer 63

Species Introduction

Question 64

These are natural stands or plantations consisting of phenotypically superior trees that are managed as immediate sources of quality seeds for operational planting.

Answer 64

Seed Production Area

Question 65

A plus stand that is generally upgraded and opened by removal of undesirable trees and then cultured for early and abundant seed production.

Answer 65

seed production areas

Question 66

Stand established for seed production and composed of trees known to be of good genotypes:

Answer 66

seed orchard

Question 67

These are well planned and managed plantations for producing large quantities of genetically improved seeds in the cheapest and fastest manner.

Answer 67

Seed Orchards

Question 68

seed orchard originated from cloned planting materials

Answer 68

CLONAL SEED ORCHARD

Question 69

seed orchard raised from seedlings produced from selected parents through natural or controlled pollinations

Answer 69

SEEDLING SEED ORCHARD

Question 70

a plantation mix of forest trees, fruit trees, industrial crops, rubber trees, palms, rattan and other economically perennial plants

Answer 70

FOREST GARDEN

Question 71

timber which are less known or less accepted by end-users especially in commerce and/or trade both locally and internationally

Answer 71

LESSER-KNOWN SPECIES

Question 72

a systematic removal of trees with undesirable traits or phenotype from a seed orchard or SPAs

Answer 72

ROGUING

Question 73

a facility for multiplication, collection, distribution (sale) and promotion of the use of genetically improved seeds and propagules. It includes seed processing unit, seed storage chambers, seed testing laboratory and an office.

Answer 73

SEED BANK