U1:KA7 - Evolutions Flashcards

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1
Q

What is evolution?

A

Evolution is the changes in organisms over generations as a result of genomic variation

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2
Q

What is vertical inheritance?

A

Vertical inheritance is when genes are transferred from parent to offspring as a result of sexual or asexual reproduction

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3
Q

What is horizontal gene transfer?

A

it is gene transfer from one cell to another, not through reproduction

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4
Q

What generations is vertical gene transfer between?

A

It goes from one generation to the other (parent to offspring)

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5
Q

What generation is horizontal gene transfer between?

A

The same generation

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6
Q

What is natural selection?

A

It is the non-random decrease in frequency of deleterious DNA sequences that increase survival

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7
Q

What is stabilising selection?

A

The average phenotype is selected for, the extremes are selected against

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8
Q

What is directional selection?

A

One extreme phenotype range is selected for while the average and other extreme phenotype range are selected against

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9
Q

What is disruptive selection?

A

Two or more phenotypes are selected for whilst others in the phenotype range are selected against

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10
Q

What is a species?

A

A species is a group of organisms that are capable of interbreeding and producing fertile offspring

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11
Q

What is speciation?

A

Speciation is the generation of new biological species by evolution

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12
Q

What is the first stage in the process of speciation?

A

One species exists which interbreeds and shares the same gene pool, the population becomes split by a barrier into 2 sub populations

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13
Q

What is the second stage in the process of speciation?

A

Mutations occur at random, different mutations occur in each of the populations causing new variation

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14
Q

What is the third stage in the process of speciation?

A

Over a long period of time the gene pools in the two sub populations become so altered that the groups cannot interbreed

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15
Q

What are the four main stages of speciation?

A

Isolation by a barrier, mutation, natural selection, formation of seperate species

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16
Q

What are the three methods of isolation?

A

Isolating mechanisms are barriers to gene flow between subpopulations; allopatric speciation involves geographical barriers; sympatric speciation (in the same place) requires behavioural or ecological barriers