- Transformation and recycling of dead material - Recycling of carbon and other minerals - Provide nutrients to the plants - Important Biotechnological tool (yeast) - Source of secondary metabolites for production of antibiotics and immunosuppresive drugs (Cyclosporin A)

U1 LEC: INTRO TO MYCOLOGY (PART 1) Flashcards by maki 🐈‍⬛

Discipline of biology that deals with, describes a enormous group of organisms denominated fungi

Mycology

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Other term for fungal infection

Mycoses

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Highlights the productive or beneficial effects and applications of this field of science, particularly in the area of agriculture, biotechnology and environmental biology

Good Mycology

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Examples of good mycology

Fermentation
Saccharomyces cerevisae (Baker’s yeast)
Penicllin (antibiotic)

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This implicates that fungi are a cause of multiple phenomena that have deleterious effect on environment and health

Bad Mycology

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under Good Mycology

Transformation and recycling of dead material
Recycling of carbon and other minerals
Provide nutrients to the plants
Important Biotechnological tool (yeast)
Source of secondary metabolites for production of antibiotics and immunosuppresive drugs (Cyclosporin A)

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These are significant phytopathogens, causing life threatening disease in patients with risk factors.

Bad Mycology

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Main eukaryotic models in genetics, molecular biology, cell biology, biochemistry and metabolism

Saccharomyces cerevisiae

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Fungi used in biological research

Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Schizosaccharomyces pombe

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Key organism in understanding the mechanism of regulation of the cell cycle

Schizosaccharomyces pombe

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Distinct difference of eukaryotic from prokaryotic

presence of nuclear membrane

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Non motile, eukaryotic organisms, can be single celled or usually very complex multicellular organisms

Fungi

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Fungi is a diverse group made up of?

classic pathogens
environmental saprobes
parasitic spore-producing eukaryotic organisms that lack chlorophyll

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Eukaryotic organisms that lack chlorophyll

Achlorophyllous

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T/F: Fungi reside in nature and found in any habitat, more common in land than in water.

True

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Fungi are ______________ aerobes

obligate/facultative

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T/F: Facultative aerobes may or may not require Oxygen.

True

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Fungi may live as what type of organisms?

heterotrophs
saprotrophs
parasitic
chemotropic

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This type of organisms feed on other living organisms for nutrients.

Heterotrophs

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This type of organisms feed on dead organelles.

Saprotrophs

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This type of organisms are dependent on host.

Parasitic

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This type of organisms secretes enzymes that degrade a wide range of organic substrates into soluble nutrients which are then transported into the cell through passive absorption or active transport.

Chemotrophic

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T/F: Chemotrophic fungi simplifies complex materials for easy absorption.

True

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Main difference of cell wall of plants and fungi

Plant: cellulose
Fungi: chitin

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Fungi are subdivided on basis of?

- life cycles - presence or structure of fruiting body - arrangement and type of spores

Layman's description of fungi

- Mold - Mildew - Mushroom - Bracket Fungi - Puffballs - Truffles

Similarities of Plants and Fungi

- Eukaryotic (numerous organelles) - has cell walls - anchored on soil or other subtrates - reproduction can be asexual or sexual - stationary

Difference of plants and fungi Nucleus

Fungi: Multinucleated Plant: Single nucleus

Difference of plants and fungi Type of organism

Fungi: Heterotroph Plant: Autotroph

Difference of plants and fungi Main storage product

Fungi: Glycogen Plant: Starch

Difference of plants and fungi Cell Wall

Fungi: Chitin Plants: Cellulose

Difference of plants and fungi Reproduction

Fungi: not by seed Plants: some by seed

Sterols in prokaryotes are absent except in?

Mycoplasmataceae

Part of the fungi that produces fruit (spores).

Fruiting bodies

This is a single vegetative cell

Yeast

Yeast appearance in culture

smooth, creamy colony without aerial hypha

Yeast is reproduced by?

budding or fission

Yeast reproduce by?

budding or fission

Yeast can be identified using?

Biochemical test and Molecular Diagnostic methods

Molds grow in multicellular filaments called?

hyphae

Example of Yeast

Candida spp.

These are made up of tubular branches, having multiple genetically identical nuclei, yet form a single organism, known as a colony.

Molds

Example for Molds

Trichophyton

Molds have an appearance of?

aerial hyphae

This has 2 forms, specifically yeast & mold, and are agents of systemic mycosis.

Dimorphic

Skeletal components of Cell Wall

- Chitin - B Glucan - Mannan

T/F: All components contributes to Cell Wall rigidity.

True

This refers to adjustment to shape of the habitat.

plasticity

The cell wall acts as:

- carrier of specific antigen characteristics - filter controlling materials that enter the fungal protoplast - site of various extracellular enzymes - reservoir of carbohydrates

Cell Wall matrix consists of:

water-soluble polysaccharide (Glucan, Glycoprotein)

Miscellaneous CW component

Melanin

Melanin contributes to?

fungal virulence

Importance of Melanin in CW

- contributes to fungal virulence - improves resistance to environmental damage - important for invasion and dissemination

Melanin improves resistance to environmental damage such as?

extreme temperature, UV light, toxins

Membrane bound organelles in Fungi

- Nucleus - Mitochondrion - E.R. - Golgi bodies - Microbodies

These are plaque-like structure which plays the role of the centrosome by initiating organization of microtubule, during mitosis.

Spindle Polar Bodies (SPBs)

SPBs are embedded in the nuclear envelope for the entire cycle in?

budding yeast

These are vesicles associated with filamentous material.

Filasomes

These are found numerous at the tip of actively growing hypha

Filasomes

This refers to the body of the fungi.

Thallus

A web of filaments or hypha constitutes a?

Mycelium

This is a non-motile thallus constructed of apically elongated walled filaments.

Molds

These are branches or filamentous structures of fungi.

Hypha

These are filamentous tubular structures that grow by elongation (like thread) at the tip; or by branching that contain numerous nuclei distributed throughout.

Hypha

This refers to the entire, vegetative body of the hypha

Thallus

This is where the hyphal structures are interrupted at some points (at regular intervals) by partitions or cross walls

Septate

This is when portions of hyphae grow vigorously resulting in lack of regularly spaced septa.

Non septate

Other terms for Non septate

- Aseptate - Coenocytic

Elements within the Hypha:

- Spitzenkorper - Fungal cytoskeleton

This is the organizing center necessary for long range transport of vesicles, via cytoskeleton.

Spitzenkorper

This is described as nuggets of vesicles in the hyphal tip that is important in the growth process.

Spitzenkorper

These are important in filamentous fungi.

Fungal cytoskeleton

Importance of Fungal cytoskeleton

- important in regulation of fungal cell morphogenesis - delivery of cell membrane and cell wall components to growing hyphal tip and to septum

This portion of the aerial hypha that bears the reproductive spores or conidia.

Reproductive hypha

Hypha that projects above the medium and produce reproductive spores.

Aerial hypha

These are portions of the hypha that penetrates the supporting medium and absorbs nutrient.

Vegetative Hypha

These are root like structures in fungi.

Rhizoids

Types of Hyphal Elements Accdg to presence or absence of crosswall

- Septate - Nonseptate

Types of Hyphal Elements Accdg to presence of Pigmentation

- Hyaline (Moniliaceous) - Phaeoid (Dematiaceous)

Non pigmented or lightly pigmented

Hyaline (Moniliaceous)

Darkly pigmented because of the presence of melanin in the cell wall

Phaeoid (Dematiaceous)

Hyphal shapes

- Antler (Favic Chandelier) - Racquet - Spiral - Pectinate - Rhizoids - Nodular organ

Fungi with Spiral hyphae

Trichophyton mentagrophytes

Fungi with Pectinate body

Microsporum audouinii

Fungi with Antler hyphae

Trichophyton schoenleinii

Fungi with Nodular organ

Microsporum canis

Fungi with Racquet hyphae

Epidermophyton floccosum

Differences between Yeast and Molds Habitat

Yeast: fruit and berries, stomach of mammals and on skin Molds: damp, dark, steam-filled areas

Differences between Yeast and Molds Cell

Yeast: Unicellular Molds: Multicellular

Differences between Yeast and Molds Shape

Yeast: Round or oval Molds: Filamentous or threadlike

Differences between Yeast and Molds Growth Appearance

Yeast: White, butterlike consistency Molds: Fuzzy appearance, orange/green/black/brown

Differences between Yeast and Molds Hyphae

Yeast: do not have true hyphae, have pseudo-hyphae instead Molds: have hyphae

Differences between Yeast and Molds Reproduction

Yeast: Asexual (budding), Blastospores Molds: Sexual and asexual

Molds Asexual spores

- Sporangiospores - Conidia

Molds Sexual spores

- Zygospores - Ascospores - Basidiospores

Differences between Yeast and Molds Beneficial Use

Yeast: alcoholic beverages, baking, bioremediation, industrial ethanol production, probiotics Molds: biodegradation, food production

Differences between Yeast and Molds Health Hazard

Yeast: infection to immunocompromised patients Molds: cause allergic reactions and respiratory problems

T/F: Yeast is not an opportunistic pathogen.

False

Having only one growth phase

Monomorphism

Examples of Monomorphism

Yeast, yeast-like organism

This is the ability of fungi to exist in two forms (yeast or mold) depending on growth condition

Dimorphism

Examples of Dimorphism

Blastomyces, Coccidioides

This is the ability to have both yeast and mold form in the same culture, regardless of temperature.

Polymorphism

Examples of Polymorphism

Exophiala spp.

Life cycle of Fungi

- Somatic phase - Reproductive phase

This is considered as the feeding stage or energy absorption.

Somatic phase

This stage is for spore production.

Reproductive phase

T/F: Isolation of spores is done for identification of reproductive phase.

True

Fungi that reproduce sexually or asexually

Perfect Fungi

Fungi that reproduce by asexual means

Fungi Imperfecti

This involves the body of a fungal thallus, no production of seeds or spores by meiosis or syngamy.

Vegetative Reproduction

Asexual reproduction is through?

Mitosis

Types of Asexual reproduction

- Fragmentation - Fission - Budding - Spore formation

Occurs when a fungal mycelium separates into pieces, with each component growing into a separate mycelium.

Fragmentation

This is the pinching off of an offspring from the parent cell.

Budding

T/F: In budding, the offspring cell is genetically identical to the parent.

True

Simple splitting of a cell into two daughter cells

Fission

This is a reproductive structure of fungi, and some other organisms, containing one or more cells.

Spore

This is a small unit of propagule capable of giving rise to a new individual.

Spore

These are readily dispersed and capable of germination when growth conditions are favorable.

Spore

Spores are more resistant to?

adverse condition

Spores can be derived from both?

asexual and sexual reproduction

These are produced after mitosis without involvement of meiosis, and are genetically identical.

Asexual spores

Simplest mechanism of spore formation

differentiation of preformed mycelium

Spores generated from asexual reproduction is termed as?

Thallospores

Major Types of Asexual Spores

- Sporangiospores - Conidia

Spores that are produced in a sporangium (end of sporangiophores)

Sporangiospores

Enclosed, sac-like structure at the end of sporangiophores

Sporangium

Attachment point of sporangiospores

Columella

Spores produced at the tip or side of hyphae, on stalk, or conidiophores

Conidia

Special spore-producing structures

Conidiophores

Types of Conidia

- Arhtrospores - Chlamydospores - Blastospores - Phialospores - Macroconidia - Microconidia - Porospores

Process of conidium formation

Conidiogenesis

Conidia differentiate via expansion from the conidiogenous cell

Blastic

The cell wall of this cell is locally weakened and the developing conidium bulges out, and is delineated by a septum.

Blastic

Expansion of a cell that includes the complete cell wall (inner and outer) of the conidiogenous cell

Holoblastic

The cell wall of the conidiogenous cell is disrupted and conidium appears through an opening in the cell wall.

Enteroblastic

Preexisting cell differentiates into a conidium

Thallic

Involves entire cell wall (inner and outer) of hypha

Holothallic

Conidia produced in succession along entire length of hypha

Thallic-arthric

Conidiospores formed by buds coming off the parent cell

Blastoconidia

Conidia under Holoblastic

- Blastoconidia - Poroconidia

Conidia under Enteroblastic

- Phialoconidia - Anneloconidia

Conidia under Holothallic

- Chlamydospores

Example of Chlamydospores

Fusarium

Conidia under Thallic-Arthric

- Holothallic - Holoarthric - Enteroarthric

Examples of Holothallic

Epidermophyton

Examples of Holoarthric

Geotrichum

Examples of Enteroarthric

Geomyces

Conidium produced from annelide

Anelloconidium

Non motile sporangiospores

Aplanospores

Asexual conidium produced directly from the hyphae and released from this structure through fragmentation

Arthroconidia

Sexual spore formed on a basidium following karyogamy and meiosis

Basidiospore

Asexual spore produced blastically either singly or synchronously in chain from the parent cell

Blastoconidium

Swollen thick walled vesicles that do not reproduce

Chlamydospores

Asexual spores produced directly from the hyphae, have thickened walls and is larger than surrounding hyphal cells

Chlamydoconidium

Spore formed within a spherule by cleavage of the cytoplasm

Endospore

The larger of the two types of conidia produced through holothallic mode of condiogenesis

Macroconidium

Mycelia from which the reproductive structures form

Fertile hyphae

Conidium born from a phialide

Phialoconidia

Holoblastic conidium produced through pores in the cell wall of the conidiogenous cell or conidiophore

Poroconidium

Primary asexual reproductive structures formed in a sac called sporangium

Sporangiospore

Round thick walled spore formed in a zygosporangium by fusion of the tips of two compatible hypha

Zygospore

T/F: Meiosis in fungi occurs at a different point in the reproductive lifecycle than in other higher eukaryotes

True

3 stages of Sexual Reproduction

1. Plasmogamy 2. Karyogamy 3. Meiosis

Union or fusion of haploid cells of compatible mating types

Plasmogamy

Fusion of the two haploid nuclei

Karyogamy

Newly produced diploid cell can undergo this to regenerate haploid cells, and often a response to nutrient limitation

Meiosis

Haploid nuclei do not fuse right away, coexist in the mycelium

Heterokaryotic Stage

Subphyla of Glomeromycota

- Mucoromycotina - Entomophthoromycotina - Kickxellomycotina - Zoopagomycotina

Glomeromycota Profuse to gray to white, aerial mycelia, hyaline sparsely septate hypha

Order Mucorales

Glomeromycota Asexual and Sexual

A: Sporangiospores S: Zygospores

Glomeromycota Genera

- Actinomucor - Apophysomyces - Cokemyces - Cunninghamella - Lichteimia - Mucor - Rhizomucor - Rhizopus - Saksenaea - Syncephalastrum

Ascomycota Class

Ascomycetes

Ascomycota Characteristics

Septate hyphae

Ascomycota Reproduction

A: Conidia S: Ascospores (sac or ascus in karyogamy)

Ascomycota Examples

- Microsporum spp. - Trichphyton spp. - Scedosprium boydii

Basidiomycota Characteristics

Sterile mold, hyphae has complex septa, Clamp connections (septation in vegetative hypha)

Basidiomycota Reproduction

S: Four progeny basidiospores (supported by club shaped basidium)

Basidiomycota Examples

- Filobasidiella neoformans (teleomorph) - Cryptococcus neoformans (anamorph) - Mushroom

Fungi Imperfecta is also known as?

Deuteromycetes

Fungi Imperfecta Characteristics

artificial grouping

Fungi Imperfecta Reproduction

S: not discovered Anamorphic state: asexual conidia

Fungi Imperfecta Examples

- Coccidiodes immitis - Paraccocidiodes brasiliensis - Candida albican - Torulopsis - Epidermophyton

Whole fungus, composed of sexual and asexual phase

Holomorph

Spores enclosed in an Ascus following karyogamy

Ascospores

Fruiting body of Ascospores

Ascocarp

Covering-like structure where Ascospores are enclosed

Ascus

Sexual life cycle of Ascomycetes

- Heterothallic (self-incompatible) - Homothallic (self-compatible)

Exists in 2 mating types, occurs only between sexual structures of opposite mating type

Heterothallic

Every strain is able to complete sexual cycle without a mating partner

Homothallic

Major Types of the Multicellular ascomata

- Clesitothecium - Perithecium - Apothecium - Pseudothecium

Examples of Cleisthomecium

Plectomycetes: Aspergillus nidulans

Examples of Perithecium

Pyrenomycetes: Neurospora crassa

Examples of Apothecium

Discomycetes: Peziza vesiculosa

Examples of Pseudothecium

Loculoascomycetes: Cochliobolus heterostrophus

Spores are formed inside a basidium (club shaped)

Basidiospores

Attachment point of Basidiospores

Sterigma

Thick walled spores formed by fusion of 2 hyphal strands (homothallic)

Zygospores

Fusion of cells from 2 separate non-identical hypha

Oospores

U1 LEC: INTRO TO MYCOLOGY (PART 1) Flashcards

(200 cards)