U4 Lecture 32

Question 1

the ANS operates via??

Answer 1

reflex arcs

Question 2

is the ANS voluntary or involuntary

Answer 2

involuntary

Question 3

what is the ANS controlled by

Answer 3

centers in the hypothalamus and brain stem

Question 4

what is the output from the autonomic system

Answer 4

2 efferent neurons exit the CNS

Question 5

what is the output of the somatic system

Answer 5

1 efferent neuron exits the CNS

Question 6

what is the effector of the autonomic system

Answer 6

cardiac muscle, smooth muscle and glands

Question 7

what is the effectors of the somatic system

Answer 7

skeletal muscle

Question 8

where does the neuron that stimulates the skeletal muscle exit the spinal cord in the somatic nervous system

Answer 8

the anterior horn

Question 9

what happens in the autonomic nervous system

Answer 9

one efferent neuron exits spinal cord at the lateral horn and synapses with another efferent neuron in a ganglion (cell bodies in the PNS)

Question 10

what is the first efferent neuron called that exits the spinal cord in the ANS

Answer 10

preganglionic neuron

Question 11

what is the second efferent neuron called that synapses with the first neuron in the ANS

Answer 11

postganglionic neuron

Question 12

what does the sympathetic division of the ANS do

Answer 12

fight or flight

prepares body for stress

Question 13

what does the parasympathetic division of the ANS do

Answer 13

rest and digest

promotes digestion and storage of nutrients

Question 14

where are most ganglia located

Answer 14

near the spinal cord

Question 15

what is thoracolumbar

Answer 15

preganglionic neurons begin in the thoracic and lumbar regions of the spinal cord

Question 16

what is the sympathetic trunk (chain) and what does it do

Answer 16

paired ganglia near spinal cord, postganglionic neuron innervates visceral organs in the thoracic cavity

Question 17

what is the prevertebral ganglia (collateral) and what does it do

Answer 17

anterior to vertebral bodies, postganglioic neurons innervate abdominopelvic organs

Question 18

what is the adrenal medulla and what does it do

Answer 18

acts as a modified sympathetic ganglion , postganglionic neurons are short and release norepinephrine (20%) and epinephrine (80%) into the blood stream

Question 19

what are NE and epinephrine called

Answer 19

catecholamines

Question 20

what is the sympathetic trunk made of

Answer 20

3 cervical
11 thoracic
4 lumbar
4 sacral

Question 21

what are the prevertebral ganglia made of

Answer 21

celiac
superior mesenteric
inferior mesenteric

Question 22

what do the preganglionic neurons do in the SNS

Answer 22

preganglionic neurons release acetylcholine which binds to nicotinic cholinergic receptors on postganglionic cell body

Question 23

what do the postganglionic neurons do in the SNS

Answer 23

release norepinephrine which binds to adrenergic receptors on effector cell

Question 24

what do preganglionic neurons do in sweat glands

Answer 24

they release ACh

Question 25

what do postganglionic neurons do in sweat glands

Answer 25

release ACh instead of NE at the effector tissue; ACh binds to muscarinic cholinergic receptors at sweat gland

Question 26

what do the preganglionic neurons do in the adrenal medulla

Answer 26

release ACh

Question 27

what do chromatin cells do in the adrenal medulla

Answer 27

act as postganglionic neurons and the adrenal medulla acts as a modified ganglion

Question 28

what do chromatin cells release into the blood

Answer 28

epinephrine and norepinephrine

Question 29

when is NE a neurotransmitter

Answer 29

when it is released from sympathetic nerve endings directly at target tissues (short lived effects )

Question 30

when is NE a hormone

Answer 30

when it is released form the adrenal gland into the blood stream (long lasting effects)

Question 31

why is epinephrine a hormone

Answer 31

it is released from the adrenal gland into the blood

Question 32

what do adrenergic receptors do

Answer 32

bind epinephrine (adrenaline) and norepinephrine (noradrenaline) at effector tissues

Question 33

where are alpha adrenergic receptors found and what do they do

Answer 33

found in smooth muscle of arterioles, bladder; result in constriction when activated

Question 34

where are beta adrenergic receptors found and what do they do

Answer 34

they are found in heart, bronchioles, liver; cause an increase in metabolism

Question 35

what is the goal of the SNS

Answer 35

fight or flight | to increase mental alertness increase energy availability (glucose) and body ability to handle a stressor

Question 36

what are the specific responses to SNS

Answer 36

- mobilize fuels - redistribution of blood flow - decrease urinary output and digestive functions - increae heart rate and blood pressure - increase activity of sweat glands - increase diameter of bronchioles - dilation of pupils