UA & FECAL

Question 1

Why should you read a fecal as soon as possible

Answer 1

Letting it sit for too long may alter the appearance of eggs and oocysts,because they will continue to develop

Question 2

What are the ways you can collect a fecal

Answer 2

Post defecation. Gloved finger, fecal loop

Question 3

How much feces do you need to collect for a sample

Answer 3

1 gram from various areas of the sample

Question 4

How can you test for ectoparasites

Answer 4

Skin scraping or tape test

Question 5

What does tape test look for

Answer 5

Lice and mites

Question 6

What does a skin scrape primarily test for

Answer 6

Mange mites

Question 7

What should you always examine first on a fecal sample

Answer 7

Gross examination. Color, presence of blood or mucus, consistency, foreign bodies, adult parasites

Question 8

What are different types of fecal tests

Answer 8

Direct smear, fecal flotation, centrifugal floatation, fecal sedimentation, giardia PCR

Question 9

What are the advantages and disadvantages to a fecal smear

Answer 9

Advantages: simple, minimal equipment required, allows for visualization of giardia
Disadvantages: must be performed in conjunction with other tests, can confuse debris for parasites

Question 10

How do you perform a fecal smear

Answer 10

Place a drop of saline on the slide, take a wooden applicator stick and mix a small amount of feces with the saline, apply a cover slip

Question 11

How do fecal floatation work

Answer 11

It is based on the specific gravity of life cycle stages of parasites.nfecal floats have a higher specific gravity than common ova

Question 12

What can you not test for on a fecal float

Answer 12

Fluke eggs. They have a higher specific gravity and sink

Question 13

What are the advantages of centrifugal float vs traditional float

Answer 13

It’s more sensitive and recovers more eggs and cysts in less time

Question 14

What is fecal sedimentation used for

Answer 14

Fluke ova, when ova are too large to be seen with standard floatation

Question 15

What is cellophane tape preparation for fecal used for

Answer 15

Recover pinworm and tapeworm ova from the anus

Question 16

What test looks for dirofilaria

Answer 16

Modified knotts test

Question 17

How much urine should a healthy pet produce

Answer 17

1ml/kg/hour

Question 18

What two hormones influence urine volume

Answer 18

ADH0& Aldosterone

Question 19

What is the term for decreased urine production

Answer 19

Oliguria

Question 20

What is the term for increased urine production

Answer 20

Polyuria

Question 21

What is the term for no urine production

Answer 21

Anuria

Question 22

What are the four ways to collect a urine sample

Answer 22

Free catch, bladder expression, cysto, catheter

Question 23

When should you analyze a urine sample

Answer 23

Immediately (30 min - 1hr)

Question 24

What can refrigeration effect on a urine sample

Answer 24

Specific gravity. Can also cause crystal formation

Question 25

How long can urine be refrigerated

Answer 25

6-12 hours

Question 26

What are the 3 parts to urinalysis

Answer 26

Physical examination. Chemical examination, microscopic examination

Question 27

What non disease factors can influence urine output

Answer 27

Environmental temperature and humidity, level of excessive, size of animal, fluid intake

Question 28

What is PU/PD and when can it occur

Answer 28

Polyuria/polydipsia. Diabetes, corticosteroids. If fluids are given

Question 29

What is normal urine color

Answer 29

Light yellow - light amber

Question 30

What does colorless urine mean

Answer 30

Low specific gravity, common in polyuria

Question 31

What does dark yellow - yellow brown urine mean

Answer 31

High usg. Oliguria

Question 32

What does brown urine mean

Answer 32

Myoglobin in urine. Indicative of muscle breakdown

Question 33

What does red - red brown urine mean

Answer 33

RBC or hemoglobin

Question 34

Which species have cloudy urine normally

Answer 34

Horses and rabbits

Question 35

What does cloudy urine mean

Answer 35

Large particles and significant amounts of sediment in the sample

Question 36

What does a turbid urine sample mean

Answer 36

Can't read through the sample at all

Question 37

What does a flocculent urine sample mean

Answer 37

Suspended particles large enough to be seen by the naked eye

Question 38

What does USG tell us

Answer 38

Hydration status, the kidneys ability to concentrate urine

Question 39

What can increase USG

Answer 39

Decreased fluid intake, increased fluid loss (panting, diarrhea), dehydration

Question 40

What can decrease USG

Answer 40

Increased fluid intake, diabetes, pyometra

Question 41

Normal dog USG range

Answer 41

1.015-1.045

Question 42

Normal cat USG

Answer 42

1.020-1.040

Question 43

What is chemical evaluation of urine

Answer 43

Reagent stick

Question 44

T/F herbivore have more alkaline urine pH, while carnivores have more acidic

Answer 44

True

Question 45

T/F protein is usually absent in urine

Answer 45

True

Question 46

What does it mean if glucose is found in the urine

Answer 46

Renal threshold for glucose is exceeded and tubules cannot reabsorb it all.

Question 47

What does ketonuria indicate and when can you find it

Answer 47

Deficient carbohydrate metabolism. Persistent fever, high fat diets, prolonged fasting or starvation

Question 48

T/F small amounts of bilirubin are normal in dogs and cattle

Answer 48

True

Question 49

T/F a small amount of RBC and leukocytes are normal in a urine sediment

Answer 49

True

Question 50

What type of cell is common in a voided or catheterized sample

Answer 50

Squamous epithelial

Question 51

What can large numbers of transitional epithelial cells be indicative of

Answer 51

Infection, inflammation, chemical irritation, abrasions from catheterization

Question 52

What are urine casts

Answer 52

Cylindrical molds formed within the renal tubules

Question 53

Struvite crystals

Answer 53

Coffin lids. Alkaline - slightly acidic urine

Question 54

Calcium oxalate

Answer 54

Acidic and neutral urine. Dumbbell shaped or small square with an X

Question 55

Uric acid

Answer 55

Yellow or yellow brown. Diamond or rhomboid shaped

Question 56

What are urolths

Answer 56

Stones

Question 57

What can uroliths cause

Answer 57

Blockage, urethral obstruction, inflammation in the bladder

Question 58

What is the therapy for uroliths

Answer 58

Possible to dissolve with diet. Removal. Dietary prevention