Unit 1 Flashcards by Sarah King

Similar morphologic, physiologic, and genetic traits

Group

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What are the three domains?

Bacteria, Archaea (both Prokaryotes),

and Eukaryotes

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What is the order for taxonomy classifications?

(Biotype, serotype, or genotype)
•domain
•Kingdom
• Phylum
• Class
• Order
• Families
• Genus
• Species

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What is the main thing prokaryotes lack Compared to eukaryotes?

Lack of nuclear membrane (pronucleus)

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Live in extreme environmental conditions such as extreme temps, high salt concentration, jet fuel

Archaea

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This is neither viral nor bacterial nor fungal nor any genetic material

Prions

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This is believed to be the smallest infectious protein particle

Prions (Cause neurological conditions)

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The prion proteins shape is more resistant to the __________ enzyme.

Protease

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What are examples of neurological diseases that can be fatal that are caused by prions?

•scrapie (in sheep and goats)
•bovine spongiform encephalitis (mad cow disease)
•Kuru Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (CJD) in humans

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All bacteria have plasma membranes but some don’t have __________.

Cell walls

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What do eukaryotes have that prokaryotes lack.

• ER
• Ribosomes
• Nuclear membrane
• Membrane-bound organelles(endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, mitochondria, plastids, lysosomes, and vacuoles)

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Prokaryotes cell walls are made of…

Peptidoglycan

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What structures do prokaryotes and eukaryotes have for movement?

Prokaryotes- Pili, fimbria (for adhesion), and flagella (for propulsion)

Eukaryotes- cilia or flagella (for movement)

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What is the cell size range for prokaryotes and eukaryotes?

Prokaryotes- 0.5 to 100 micrometers

Eukaryotes 10-150 Micrometers

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Microbial growth is an increase in the number of ______ rather than an increase in size

Cells

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Understanding the requirements for microbial growth allows us to…

Determine how to control the growth of microbes

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What is the unit for measurement of bacteria?

Micron or micrometer

Micrometer = 10^-3 mm

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What is the size for Cocci?
Bacilli?

1 micrometer
0.5-1 in width and 3 Micrometers in length

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No flagella

Atrichous (diptheriae)

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One flagellum

Monotrichous (V. cholera)

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Each flagellum at both ends (2 total)

Amiphitrichous (A. Faecalis)

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Bunch of Flagellum at one end

Lophotrichous (Psudomonas)

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Bunch of flagella at both ends

Cephalotrichous (Rhodospirillum rubum)

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Flagella over the entire bacterial cell

Peritrichous (E. coli)

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What is the root for flagella?

Trichous

can grow with or without oxygen but grow better in oxygen (growth seen throughout the tube but more at the top)

Facilitative anaerobes (More bacterial growth seen at top but also seen spread throughout)

Anaerobic but can withstand oxygen environments

Aerotolerant anaerobes (growth seen evenly throughout)

These bacteria only need very little oxygen

Microaerophiles (growth only seen a little ways down the tube. No growth on top or the bottom 2/3)

Growth only at the top of the tube

Obligate aerobes

Growth on the seen at the very bottom of the tube

Obligate anaerobes

Bacteria that live in cold around 15°C (0-20)

Psychrophile (Vibrio marinus)

Bacteria that live in very cold conditions at around 5°C (-2 to 10)

Extreme psychrophiles (Raphidonema nivale “snow algae”)

Bacteria that live in moderate conditions Close to body temperature At around 24 to 40°C (10-15 to 35-40)

Mesophiles

Organisms that live in 45 to 55°C (37-70) They are mesophiles but can survive higher temperatures as well

Facilitative thermophile

Bacteria that have to live in high temperatures at around 70 to 75°C (45 to 85-90)

Obligate thermophile

Bacteria that live in extremely high temperatures at around 75 to 80°C (60 to 85-110)

Extreme thermophile

How many bacteria are in the large intestine?

14 trillion

Bacteria that live in a pH of 2-3 (0.8-5)

Acidophile

Bacteria that live in a pH of 6.8-7.4 (6.5-7.5)

Neutrophiles

Bacteria that live in a pH of 9-10.5 (7 to 11-11.5)

Alkalinophile

Bacteria that live in a high salt concentration of 1-2 (0.5- 4-4.5)

Halophilic

Bacteria that live in an extremely high salt concentration of 3.5 (3-5.2)

Extreme halophiles

bacteria are classified based on nutrition into what three categories?

A. Source of energy B. Hydrogen/electron donor C. Carbon source

What are the different sources of energy for bacteria?

• light energy- photo • Chemical energy -Inorganic- litho -organic- organic

hydrogen/electron donor can be from what two categories?

• inorganic- litho • Organic- Organic

What are the carbon sources for bacteria?

•CO2- auto •organic- hetero

What is the endotoxin on the outside of gram-Negative bacteria? What is it composed of?

Lipopolysaccharide Lipid + carbohydrate

What is bacteria cells walls made of? What’s the difference in the cell wall between gram-positive and gram-negative

Peptidoglycan Gram-positive bacteria have a cell wall that is 4-5 times thicker. Graham negative have an outer membrane of Lipopolysaccharide outside the cell wall

What are two things that gram-negative bacteria have that gram-positive do not?

-outer membrane made of lipopolysaccharide -Periplasmic space

A total outer thickness for gram positive and gram negative bacteria are….

The same

What is peptidoglycan made out of?

Protein + Complex carbohydrate

Do all bacteria have cell walls?

Most but not all

What does alcohol dissolve on gram-negative bacteria?

Lipopolysaccharide (The outer membrane)

________________ is resistant to the decolorizer/alcohol

Peptidoglycan

Bacteria that contain __________ acid, Cannot be easily dissolved, so it retains the acid fast stain

Mycolic

This is the measure or degree of pathogenicity

Virulence

Properties of pathogens that enable them to attach to host cells, scape destruction by host defense systems, and invade tissue

Virulence factors

Virulence factor used for attachment

Pili (Neisseria gonorrhea attachment to urethral walls)

Virulence factor that makes the pathogen antiphagocytic

Capsule

Virulence factor used for mobility and invasion

Flagella

Virulence factor that is secreted to destroy tissue

Exoenzymes (Coagulase, Kinase, Hemolysin, Collagenase, Hyaluronidase)

-Virulence factor that is common to almost all Graham negative bacteria -Composed of the lipopolysaccharide portion of the cell envelope -released when I grammed negative bacterial cell is *destroyed*

Endotoxins

What are the effects of endotoxins?

-Disruption of clotting, causing clots to form throughout the body -fever -Activation of compliment and immune system -Circulatory changes that lead to hypotension, shock, and death

-Virulence factor most commonly associated with gram-positive bacteria -produced and released by living bacteria and do not require bacterial death for release

Exotoxins Specific toxins target specific host cells; the type of toxin varies with the bacterial species • Some kill host cells and help spread bacteria in tissues (e.g., enzymes that destroy key biochemical tissue components or specifically destroy host cell membranes) • Some destroy or interfere with specific intracellular activities (e.g., interruption of protein synthesis, interruption of internal cell signals, or interruption of the neuromuscular system) 38

What type of toxins are released when the bacterial cell is destroyed ? And which type of toxin is released by living bacteria?

Endotoxin (gram neg) Exotoxin (gram positive)

What are microbial factors that contribute to colonization on host surfaces?

-survival against environmental conditions -Achieving attachment and adherence to host cell surfaces -other factors such as motility, Being able to coexist with other colonizing organisms, and production of substances that compete with the host for essential nutrients

Term used when micro organisms take up residence in or on host body

Colonization

What are the steps in pathogenesis?

-entry -Attachment to tissue -Multiplication -Invasion (spread) -Evasion of host defenses -Damage to host tissue

Term used when tHe organism causes no harm or benefit to the host (neutral)

Commensalism * most bacteria fall into this category

Unilateral benefit of the microoganism to the host

Parasitism

When there is a reciprocal benefit of the host and the microorganism

Mutualism

Organisms that reside in or on our bodies on a semi permanent basis without causing disease

Normal flora

What are the four main sites for normal flora?

-skin -Mouth, nose, and throat -G.I. tract -Lower Genitourinary tract

What the two modes of transmission?

• Direct: Transmitted by direct contact between reservoir and host • indirect: Transmitted to host via intervening agents

Intervening agent in the mode of Transmission that is a living organism such as animals, insects, and other humans

Vectors

Intervening agent in the mode of transmission that is non-living such as water, food, air, medical devices, and other inanimate objects

Vehicles

What are some microorganism sources (Reservoirs)?

humans, animals, food, water, air, soil

Nonspecific host defense responses include what lines of defense?

First and second line of defense

Specific responses in the host defense system is the _____ line of defense.

3rd

What are nonspecific response is in the host defense system?

-physical barriers -Phagocytosis -Inflammation -complement

What are some specific responses in the host defense system (3rd line of defense)?

-antibody-mediated immunity -cell-mediated immunity

Engulfing and ingesting foreign materials by white blood cells

Phagocytosis

What are the two professional phagocytes?

• macrophages • Neutrophils

What are three phagocytes?

Neutrophils (PMNs), Macrophages, and dendritic cells.

-localizes the infection -Prevent spread of pathogen -Neutralizes toxins -Aids in repairing damaged tissue

Inflammation

What is the primary mechanism against microbial survival and proliferation in tissue and organs? Can be both cellular and biochemical.

Inflammation

What are the four different parts of inflammation? where does it start?

• phagocytosis • Complement system • Cytokines • Coagulation system *Inflammationcan start at any one of the steps and move forward*

What are three signs of Inflammation?

Swelling, redness, heat, and pain 1. Attact cells and biochemical mediators of defense 2. Facilitate removal of infectious agents by lymphatic system 3. Wall off and limit extension of invasion 4. Supplement and interact with immune susiem delenses

15°C (0-20)

Psychrophile

5°C (-2 to 10)

Extreme psychrophile

24 to 40°C (10-15 to 35-40)

Mesophile

45 to 55°C (37 to 70)

Facultative thermophile

70-75°C (45 to 85-90)

Obligate thermophile

75 to 80°C (60 to 85-110)

Extreme thermophile

Unit 1 Flashcards

(94 cards)