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PSYC 2285 psychopathology > Unit 1 > Flashcards

Unit 1 Flashcards

(54 cards)

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1
Q

what is a psychological disorder

A
  1. Refers to a breakdown in cognitive,
    emotional, or behavioural functioning
  2. Associated with distress or impairment
  3. Atypical or not culturally expected
  4. Beyond the individual’s control
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2
Q

Psychological dysfunction according to the DSM-5

A

“Behavioural, psychological, or biological dysfunctions that are unexpected in their cultural context and associated with present distress and impairment in functioning, or increased risk of suffering, death, pain, or impairment” (Barlow et al., 2018, p. 6)

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3
Q

clinical psychologists

A
  • Typically PhD or PsyD (6-7 years)
  • Conduct research into causes and treatment of psychological disorders
  • Able to assess, diagnose, and treat disorders
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4
Q

Psychiatrisits

A
  • Medical doctors
  • Specialize in psychiatry during 4 year residency program
  • Investigate nature and causes of psychological disorders, from biological
    point of view
  • Make diagnoses, offer treatments
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5
Q

counselling psychologist

A

Study and treat adjustment and vocational issues encountered by healthy individuals

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6
Q

psychiatric or clinical social workers

A

Collect information relevant to social and family situation of individual with psychological disorder, also treat disorders

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7
Q

psychiatric nurse

A

Specialize in care and treatment of patients with psychological disorders, in hospitals or part of treatment team

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8
Q

marriage and family therapists/ mental health counsellors

A

Provide clinical services in hospitals and clinics

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9
Q

scientist-practitioner

A

-consumer of science: enhancing the practice
-evaluator of science: determining the effectiveness of the practice
-creator of science: conducting research that leads to new procedures useful in practice

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10
Q

clinical description: presenting problem

A

-what did the person come in to seek help for

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11
Q

clinical description: prevalence

A

people who already have the disorder at any given time or at a specific point in time

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12
Q

clinical description: incidence

A

how many new cases of the disorder occur during a specific time period

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13
Q

clinical description: course

A

pattern of development and change of disorder over time

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14
Q

clinical description: onset

A

-did it begin suddenly or gradually over time

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15
Q

clinical description: prognosis

A

-how likely is it for the disorder to get better after treatment
-what is the acceptable course of treatment for the disorder
-do they need meds all the time or treatments

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16
Q

atypical

A

not culturally expected

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17
Q

etiology

A

-study of orgins
-cause or source of disroder

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18
Q

moral therapy

A

-phillippe pinel created moral therapy
-moral-> “emotional” or “psychological”
-19th century psychosocial approach to treatment that involved treating patients as normally as possible in normal environments

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19
Q

psychosocial

A

social and cultural factors and psychological influences

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20
Q

14th and 15th century

A

-demons and witches are believed to be the cause of psychological disorders
-treatments: hanging person over snake pit, cold water baths, exorcisms

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21
Q

stress and melanocholy

A

-insanity is a natural phenomenon caused by mental or emotional stress
-depression was recognized as a mental illness; treatable: rest, sleep, happiness, potions, baths

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22
Q

mental hygiene movement

Study These Flashcards
A

-dorothea dix
-led to increase in number of patients
-custodial care due to lack of staff
-humane treatment became more widely available in north america
-mid 20th century efforts to improve care of the mentally disordered by informing the public of their mistreatment

23
Q

hippocrates

Study These Flashcards
A

-physician: father of modern medicine
-psychological disorders can be treated just like any other disease
-caused by brain pathology or head trauma, or influenced by heredity
-recognized the importance of psychological and interpersonal contributions (eg. family stress)

24
Q

humoral theory (hippocrates and Galen)

Study These Flashcards
A

-brain function related to four bodily fluids:
1.blood
2.black bile
3.yellow bile
4. phlegm
-excess was treated by regulating environment as well as blood-letting and included vomiting

25
hysteria
-Hippocrates called hysteria= wander uterus, when women had no physical symptoms with no organic cause, such as paralysis, blindness -prescribed cure: marriage, fumigation of the vagina to lure the uterus back to it natural location
26
the 19th century
subgroup of people with psychosis experienced: unusual behaviours, believing everyone is against you, that they are god, became paralyzed -designated a disease: general paresis which is now known as syphillis -injecting blood with malaria- high fever burned out the syphilis bacteria
27
shock therapy
-insulin injections could induce coma, which seemed to improve symptoms of schizophrenia -electroconvulsive therapy (ect) : delivering shock to patients skull --initially used and effective for patients with schizophernia --most effective for major depression (still used today)
28
biological treatments
-new drugs: diminish hallucinations and delusions, reduce anxiety -most of the time discovered by accident
29
emil kraeplin
-1883 published a textbook that attempted to classift mental illness -groups of symptoms tended to occur together= syndromes -Disorders had distinct features, differed in age of onset and course * Suspected disorders had different causes (though all biological) * Predecessor to the DSM-5 and ICD-10 55
30
precursor to the psychological tradition
-plato: cause of maladaptive behaviour were due to social and cultural influences in a persons life (like abusive parents) -treatment: rational discussion so reason would predominate -Plato and other early philosophers: Advocated humane and responsible care (for improving their environment)
31
psychoanalytic theory: anton mesmer
* Problems due to undetectable fluid (animal magnetism) that could become blocked * Benjamin Franklin put this to the test - mesmerism due to strong suggestion
32
psychoanalytic theory
-legitimized hypnosis
33
psychoanalytic theory: frued and breuer
* Employed hypnosis to have patient talk freely about unpleasant past events that they believed to cause hysteria * Cathartic method and psychoanalysis
34
psychoanalytic model: freud
* Sigmund Freud (1856-1939) * Unconscious forces control behaviour * ”Anna O” 1. Structure of the Mind 2. Defence Mechanisms 3. Stages of Early Psychosexual Developmen
35
frued structure of the mind: ego, id, superego
EGO -operates according to reality principle -cognitive operations (secondary processes) -mediates conflict between id and superego ID - source of sexual and aggressive energies (libido. thanatos) -pleasure seeking and death -governed by the pleasure principle -irrational, illogical, led with fantasies SUPEREGO -operates according to moral principles (psychosocial) -represents what has been instilled in us by parents and culture
36
freud defence mechanism: projection
attribute own desires to others
36
freud defence mechanism: denial
refusing to acknowledge unpleasant reality
36
freud defence mechanisms: repression
Blocks disturbing wishes, thoughts, or experiences from conscious awareness
37
frued defence mechanism: displacement
transfer of feelings from one person to another
38
frued defence mechanism: reaction formation
Repress unacceptable desires by expressing opposite viewpoint
39
frued defence mechanisms: rationalization
conceals true motivations for actions, thoughts, or feelings by elaborate and incorrect explanations
40
psychosexual stages: oral
age 0-1 -focus of libido= mouth, tongue, lips -major development= weaning off of breast feeding or formula -adult fixation= smoking, overeating
41
psychosexual stage: anal
-age 1-3 -focus of libido: anus -major development: toilet training -adult fixation: orderliness, messiness
42
psychosexual stage: phallic
-age 3-6 -focus of libido: genitals -major development: resolving oedipus/ electra complex -adult fixation: deviancy, sexual dysfuntion
43
psychosexual stage: latency
-age 6-12 -focus of libido: none -major development: developing defense mechanisms -adult fixation: none
44
psychosexual stage: gential
-agen 12+ -focus of libido: genitals -major development: reaching full sexual maturity -adult fixation: if all stages were successfully completed then the person should be sexually matured and mentally healthy
45
psychoanalytic psychotherapy
* Techniques designed to reveal nature of unconscious mental processes and conflicts * Free association * Dream analysis * Insight * Transference * Countertransference * 4-5 times a week for 2-5 years
46
humanistic theory
* Emphasize the dignity and potential of humans * Self-actualization * Abraham Maslow (1908-1970) * Hierarchy of needs, when satisfied results in self-actualization
47
carl rogers
* Person-centred therapy: self-fulfillment is achieved by accepting oneself, being honest in interactions, trusting experience, and relying on oneself for personal evaluations * Distressing life events distort perception of self à abnormal behaviour * Influential in the practice and study of modern day therapist-client relationships
48
the behavioural model
-pavlov and classical conditioning
49
classical conditioning
the process in which an automatic, conditioned response is paired with specific stimuli
50
operant conditioning
a method of learning that uses rewards and punishment to modify behavior. Through operant conditioning, behavior that is rewarded is likely to be repeated, while behavior that is punished is prone to happen less
51
rise of behaviourism
John B. Watson (1878-1958) * Considered founder of behaviourism * Psychology as a science must be restricted to study of observable features (behaviours) * Abnormal functioning is learned, and can be unlearned * Influenced by classical conditioning, all problematic functioning result of unfortunate conditioning experiences * Still utilized today
52
behaviour therapy
Systematic desensitization * Individuals gradually introduced to objects or situations that are feared * See that nothing bad really happened in presence of phobic object or scene * Patients engage in something incompatible with fear (e.g., relaxation)

PSYC 2285 psychopathology (4 decks)

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