Unit 1 Flashcards
The brain (148 cards)
1
Q
What is the genetic makeup of an individual called?
A
Genotype
2
Q
What is the expression of a gene called?
A
Phenotype
3
Q
What is gray matter composed of?
2 answers
A
- Neural cell bodies
- capillaries
4
Q
What is white matter composed of?
A
Myelinated fibers, making a fiber pathway
5
Q
What is reticular matter composed of?
2 answers
A
- Cell bodies
- axons
6
Q
How is the nervous system divided?
Hint: There are 6 categories
A
- Central Nervous System (CNS)
- Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
- Somatic Nervous System
- Autonomic Nervous System
- Sympathetic Nervous System
- Parasympathetic Nervous System
7
Q
What are the parts of the Central Nervous System (CNS)
2 answers
A
- brain
- spinal cord
8
Q
What is the Central Nervous System (CNS) responsible for?
3 answers
A
- sensory activities
- storing memories
- emotions
9
Q
What are the parts of the Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)?
2 answers
A
- cranial nerves
- spinal nerves
10
Q
What is the funtion of the Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)?
A
brings messages to and from the CNS to the rest of the body
11
Q
What is the Somatic Nervous System responsible for?
1 answer
A
Voluntary movements, such as muscle movements
12
Q
What is the Autonomic Nervous System responsible for?
1 answer
A
Involuntary movements, such as your heart beat
13
Q
What is the Sympathetic Nervous System responsible for?
1 answer
A
fight or flight response
14
Q
What is the Parasympatheic Nervous System responsible for?
1 answer
A
resting and relaxing
15
Q
What are the three major structures of the neuron?
A
- cell body
- dendrites
- axon
16
Q
What is the fight or flight neurotransmitter?
A
adrenaline
17
Q
What is the concentration neurotransmitter?
A
noradrenaline
18
Q
What is the pleasure neurotransmitter?
A
dopamine
19
Q
What is the mood neurotransmitter?
A
serotonin
20
Q
What is the calming neurotransmitter?
A
gaba
21
Q
What is the learning neurotransmitter?
A
acetylcholine
22
Q
What is the memory neurotransmitter?
A
glutamate
23
Q
What is the euphoria neurotransmitter?
A
endorphins
24
Q
When is adrenaline produced?
A
during stressful or excited situations
25
What does increased adrenaline lead to?
| 3 answers
- increased heart rate + blood flow
- physical boost
- heightened awareness
26
What does noradrenaline affect?
| 2 answers
- attention
- responding actions
27
Noradrenaline is involved in what response?
fight or flight response
28
Noradrenaline contracts _____ vessls, increasing _____ flow
blood
29
People repeat behaviors that lead to the release of which neurotransmitter?
dopamine
30
Which neurotransmitter is responsible for addictions?
dopamine
31
Which neurotransmitter contributes to well-being and happiness?
serotonin
32
Serotonin is affected by...
| 2 answers
- exercise
- light exposure
33
Which neurotransmitter helps with sleep cycle and digestive system regulation?
serotonin
34
Which neurotransmitter calms firing nerves in the CNS?
gaba
35
High levels of gaba improve...
focus
36
Low levels of gaba cause...
anxiety
37
Gaba contributes to _____ control and vision
motor
38
Acetylcholine is involved in...
| 5 answers
- thought
- learning
- memory
- attention
- awakening
39
Which neurotransmitter is the most common brain neurotransmitter?
glutamate
40
Which neurotransmitter is involved in learning, memory, regulating development, and the creation of nerve contacts?
glutamate
41
Which neurotransmitter produces well-being and reduces pain?
endorphins
42
What are the 8 neurotransmitters?
- adrenaline
- noradrenaline
- dopamine
- serotonin
- gaba
- acetycholine
- glutamate
- endorphins
43
What are the 3 parts of the brainstem?
- midbrain
- pons
- medulla oblongata
44
The pons contain the locus ceruleus, an area important for...
attention
45
The medulla oblongata houses...
breathing control centers
46
What does the cerebellum do?
| 2 answers
- coordinates motor function
- handles sensory and motor functions
47
What does the thalamus do?
Carries the somaticsensory information to the right regions of the cerebral cortex
48
The hypothalamus regulates 3 autonomic functions, what are they?
- body temperature
- heart rate
- appetite
49
What does the limbic system consist of?
| 2 answers
- amygala
- hippocampus
50
What is the largest part of the human brain?
The cerebrum
51
Which part of the brain conducts complex mental activities?
the cerebrum
52
Which part of the brain is responsible for processing visual information?
the occipital lobe
53
Which part of the brain processes sensory information?
the parietal lobe
54
What is the frontal lobe used for?
| 2 answers
- decision making
- motor functions
55
What is the temporal lobe used for?
| 3 answers
- hearing
- smell
- taste
56
What is electrical stimulation (EBS)?
A weak electrical current sent to a specific part of the brain to activate it
57
Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) lets scientists either _______ or _______ activity in one are of the brain.
depress; enhance
58
What does the left hemisphere specialize in?
Verbal processing
59
What are examples of verbal processing?
| 3 answers
- speaking
- reading
- writing
60
Attention to detail is a characteristic of which side of the brain?
Left side
61
What does the right hemisphere of the brain specialize in?
Nonverbal processing
62
What are examples of nonverbal processing?
| 3 answers
- spatial tasks
- music recognition
- visual pattern recognition
63
Which hemisphere is important to perceptions of others' emotions?
right hemisphere
64
What is the abbreviation for an electroencephalogram?
| 3 letters
EEG
65
Describe what an EEG is
| 2 points
- amplified tracing of the activity of a region of the brain
- directly in contact with the scalp
66
What is the abbreviation for a computerized axial tomography?
| 3 or 2 letters
CAT/CT scan
67
What does a CAT scan do?
| 2 points
- computerized image of x-rays; various angles
- shows 2D slices
68
What is the abbreviation for magnetic resonance imaging?
| 3 letters
MRI
69
What creates a detailed image from any plane using a magnet and computer?
MRI
70
What is the abbreviation for functional magnetic resonance imaging?
fMRI
71
What kind of MRI shows the functioning of the brain?
fMRI
72
What does BEAM stand for?
Brain Electrical Activity Mapping
73
What uses EEG information to construct an image of a brain showing areas with different voltage gradations?
BEAM
74
MEG and SQUID detect...
neural activity
75
[blank] is used by [blank] to detect magnetic fields
SQUID; MEG
| in that order
76
What is the abbreviation of parallel recording of neural groups
| 5 letters
PRONG
77
Electrodes that can measure many individual neurons in close proximity
PRONG
78
What is the abbreviation for single-photon emission computerized tomography?
| 5 letters
SPECT
79
What does SPECT do?
| 1 answer
tracks cerebral blood flow
80
What does TMS stand for?
Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation
81
What does gene knockout technology do?
| 2 answers
- remove specific genes
- helps with linking genes and behavior
82
What are optogenetics?
lets researches control neurons with light
83
What is ablation?
The removal of a structure
84
Studies have shown that experience can [blank] brain development
refine
85
Damage or destruction of the brain tissue can result in neural [blank].
restructuring
86
What is consciousness?
Awareness of yourself and the world around you
87
What are the 5 levels of consciousness?
- wakefulness
- sleep
- preconscious
- non-conscious
- unconscious
88
What are the levels of cognitive processing as related to consciousness?
| 5 answers
- explicit (consciously aware)
- implicit (no conscious awareness)
- priming
- mere exposure
- implicit associations
89
How long are ultradian rhythms?
less than 24 hours
90
How long are infradian rhythms?
more than 24 hours
91
How long are circadian rhythms?
24 hours
92
What happens during the first stage of the sleep cycle?
transitional phase between sleep and wakefulness
93
What happens during the second stage of the sleep cycle?
Deeper relaxation and continued theta wave activity
94
What is the third stage of the sleep cycle?
Entry into slow-wave sleep
95
What is REM sleep associated with?
| 3 answers
- rapid eye movement
- when dreams occur
- paralysis of some muscles
96
What is the fourth stage of the sleep cycle?
Deepest stage of sleep
97
Which two stages of sleep are often grouped together?
3rd and 4th stage
98
What is explicit processing?
processing that involves concious awareness
99
What is implicit processing?
processing that occurs without concious awareness
100
What is priming?
influences responses by exposing people to stimuli beforehand
101
What is the mere exposure effect?
where repeated exposure to a stimulus increases an individual's preference for it
102
What are implicit associations?
unconscious associating that can influence attitudes and behaviors
103
Lack of sleep leads to cognitive imapairment and affects...
| 3 answers
- attention
- decision-making
- memory consolidation
104
What is the restoration theory?
Sleep allows for physical and mental restoration
105
What is the most common sleep disorder?
insomnia
106
What sleeping disorder involves sudden sleep attacks?
narcolepsy
107
Which sleep disorder involves breathing intermittently stopping throughout the night?
sleep apnea
108
Which sleep disorder involves intense fear during non-REM sleep?
night terrors
109
What is the common name for somnambulism?
sleepwalking
110
Which sleeping disorder involves involuntary teeth grinding?
bruxism
111
What are the 5 senses?
- sight
- smell
- sound
- taste
- touch
112
What is transduction?
stimulus energy --> neural activity
113
What is perception?
interpreting sensory information
114
What does bottom-up processing rely on?
sensory input
115
What does top-down processing rely on?
existing knowledge
116
What is the sclera?
protective outer layer of the eye
117
What does the cornea do?
let light enter the eye
118
What does the iris do?
regulates light entry through the pupil
119
What does the pupil do?
adjusts size based on light conditions
120
What does the lens do?
focuses light into the retina
121
What does the retina contain?
| 2 answers
- rods
- cones
122
True or False?
Rods are sensitive to low light
true
123
True or False?
Rods perceive color
false
124
True or False?
Cones perceive color
true
125
True or False?
Rods are responsible for night vision
true
126
True or False?
Rods function best in bright light
false
127
True or False?
Cones function best in bright light
true
128
Where do rods and cones connect to?
bipolar celss
129
What do bipolar cells do?
relay information to ganglion cells
130
Describe the blind spot
| 2 points
- optic nerve exits the eye
- lacks photoreceptors
131
What is the pinna?
the external visible part of the ear
132
What is the common name for the tympanic membrane?
eardrum
133
What separates the outer ear from the middle ear?
tympanic membrane or eardrum
134
What vibrates in response to sound?
tympanic membrane or eardrum
135
What theory suggests that pitch difference arise from stimulation of different areas of the basilar membrane?
Place Theory
136
What theory states that pitch is determined by the rate of neural impulses traveling up the auditory nerve?
Frequency Theory
137
Conductive deafness occurs when...
sound waves can't reach the inner ear
138
Sensorineural deafness occurs when...
the inner ear or auditory nerve is damaged
139
What are the 5 basic taste qualities?
- bitterness
- saltiness
- sourness
- sweetness
- umami
140
What influences taste?
| 3 answers
- smell
- touch
- temperature
141
Where are olfactory receptors located?
olfactory epithelium
142
How are olfactory receptors activated?
substances dissolving in the nasal cavity
143
What is the loss of smell called?
anosmia
144
Where is the vestibular sense located?
inner ear
145
What does the vestibular sense do?
monitors balance
146
What are the 4 skin sensations?
- cold
- warmth
- pressure
- pain
147
Which theory states that the brain can only focus on one pain stimuus at a time?
Gate Control Theory
148
What is phantom pain?
Where you feel pain in a missing body part
