unit 1 Flashcards
(184 cards)
1
Q
scientific study of the mind and behavior
A
psychology
2
Q
based on observation and experimentation
A
empirical method
3
Q
first psychologist
A
Wundt
4
Q
someone examines their own conscious experience as objective as possible, making the human mind studyable
A
introspection
5
Q
focus on the contents of mental processes rather than their function (Titcherer)
A
structuralism
6
Q
proposed the unconscious mind, led to psychoanalytic theory
A
freud
7
Q
psychs purpose is to study the function of behavior (adaptations)
A
functionalism
8
Q
focus on the role of a person’s unconscious and childhood experience
A
psychoanalytic theory
9
Q
people respond to the whole stimulus, developed in Germany, left out of behaviorism
A
Gestalt psych
10
Q
learning and observing and controlling behavior, conditioning, used in classes and therapy
A
behaviorism
11
Q
box used to study behaviorism, positive and negative reinforcement
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skinner box
12
Q
linguistics, neuroscience, computer science, leading to an increased interest in psych again
A
cognitive revolution
13
Q
certain populations (WEIRD) overstudied, study of diverse populations
A
multicultural psych
14
Q
organization that represents US psychologists
A
american psychological association (APA)
15
Q
explores how biology leads to behavior
A
biopsychology
16
Q
study of the ultimate cause of behavior
A
evolutionary psych
17
Q
studies thoughts and their relationship to experiences and actions
A
cognitive psych
18
Q
study of development across lifespan
A
developmental psych
19
Q
patterns of though and behavior leading to the unique individual
A
personality psych
20
Q
personality trait model
A
5 factor model, openness, conscientiousness, extroversion, agreeableness, neuroticism
21
Q
study of mind and behavior
A
psychology
22
Q
understanding the conscious experience through introspection, examined the mind in pieces
A
structuralism
23
Q
associated with structuralism, founder of psych
A
william wundt
24
Q
focused on how whole mind interacts to allow for adaptation and survival, later became behaviorism
A
functionalism
25
influenced by Darwin, first American psychologist, believed in examining whole mind
william james
26
influential figure in psych, psychoanalyst (and theory)
Sigmund Freud
27
theory that dominated clinical psych for many decades, studied hysteria and neurosis, theorized that many patients problems arose from the unconscious mind, dream analysis, early childhood experiences
psychoanalytic theory
28
Kohler, Koffka, Wertheimer, WHOLE MIND, how parts relate is what an individual responds to, ideas influence sensation and perception research
Gestalt Psych
29
discovered the concept of classical conditioning (reflex response manipulated to produce response to a different stimulus)
Ivan Pavlov
30
father of behaviorism, believed objective introspection impossible, focused on observable behavior
John B Watson
31
famous for operant conditioning, Skinner box (reinforcement and punishment to manipulate behavior)
B.F. Skinner
32
created a hierarchy of human needs, part of humanism
Maslow
33
developed client centered therapy, patient takes lead role in therapy, positive regard, genuine, empathy
Carl Rogers
34
good is innate to all humans
humanism
35
linguistics, neuroscience, and computer science, made mind focus of science again
cognitive revolution in the 1950s
36
influential in cognitive revolution, believed psych needed to study mental functioning
Noah Chomsky
37
first woman to earn a doctorate in psych, studied animal behavior
Margaret Floy Washburn
38
father of black psych
Francis Sumnur
39
study of how structure and function of the nervous system causes behavior
biopsychology
40
focuses on both physiological aspects of sensory systems and the experience of sensory info
sensation and perception
41
studies physical and mental attributes of aging and maturation, social skills, morals, etc
developmental psych
42
famous for theories on cognitive development
jean piaget
43
focuses on behaviors and thoughts unique to each individual, five factor model, conscious and unconscious thinking
personality psych
44
how indvs interact and relate with others, and how interactions affect behavior, prejudice, attraction, etc
social psych
45
branch that focuses on how indv health is directly related to biological, psychological, and sociocultural influences
health psych
46
focuses on diagnosis and treatment of psych disorders, involves clinical therapy OR counseling
clinical psych
47
take cognitive processes and behaviors into account when providing psychotherapy
cognitive behavioral therapists
48
branch that applies psych theories to industrial and organizational settings, involves personnel management, workplace
industrial-organizational psych
49
focus on psychological aspects regarding sports and physical performance, motivation, anxiety,
sports and exercise psych
50
brach of psych dealing with the justice system, assessment of mental competency, eyewitness, etc
forensic psych
51
require a phd or masters, can involve research, teaching, counseling, etc
careers in psych
52
making a hole in the skull allowing for evil spirits to leave the body, curing mental illness
trephination
53
first woman to earn a PhD
Margaret floy washburn
54
opposed the behaviorist movement and conducted research on memory
mary whiton calkins
55
first black to earn a Phd in psych, researched racial bias, founder of howard psych department
francis sumner
56
first black woman to earn a phd, researched education issues in segregated schools, influential in B v Board of edu
inez beverly prosser
57
goes from broad generalization and theories to a specific observation
deductive reasonig
58
goes from many specific observations to broader generalizations and theories
inductive reasoning
59
well developed set of ideas that propose an explanation for many observations, falsifiable
theory
60
tentative and testable statement or prediction about the relationship between two or more variables
hypothesis
61
why have freuds theories fallen out of favof
not falsifiable
62
testing through observation
naturalistic observation
63
made a career of conducting naturalistic observations in chimpanzee behavior
jane goodall
64
consciously or unconsciously altering results to fit expected results
observer bias
65
assesses the consistency of different rater's observations
interrater reliability
66
focus on one individual, in extreme or unique circumstances, difficult to generalize to larger pop
clinical or case studies
67
administered electronically
survey
68
examines records, whether hardcopy or electronic
archival research
69
helps to better understand association, over long period of time
longitudinal research
70
researcher compares multiple segments of the population at the same time
cross sectional research
71
relationship between two or more variables, between -1 and 1, not causation
correlation
72
changes in one variable cause changes in the other, only determined through experimental research
cause and effect
73
unanticipated outside factor that affects both variables of interest, giving false impression
confounding variable
74
seeing relationships between two things when in reality no relationship exists
illusory correlations
75
tendency to ignore evidence that disproves beliefs
confirmation bias
76
description of what actions and operations will be used to measure dependent and manipulate independent variable
operational definition
77
the participants that experience a manipulated variable
experimental group
78
particpants that do not experience a manipulated variable, basis for comparison
control group
79
researcher expectations alter the results
experimenter bias
80
participant expectations alter results
participant bias
81
experiment where the researcher knows which participants are in the experimental and control group
single blind study
82
experiment where both researchers and participants are blind to assignments
double blind study
83
peoples expectations or beliefs influencing or determining their experience in a given situation
placebo effect
84
overall group of individuals a researcher is interested in
population
85
subset of indvs from larger population
sample
86
subset of larger pop where every member has an equal chance of being selected, more representative of population
random sample
87
method of experimental group assignment in which all participants have an equal chance of being assigned to either group, without, experiment cannot find a true cause and effect, helps avoid preexisting systematic differences
random assignment
88
when independent variables cannot be manipulated
quasi experimental
89
determines how likely any difference between experimental groups is due to chance or ind variable (p<0.05)
statistical analysis
90
article read by several other scientists with expertise for feedback, determine if replication is possible
peer reviewed journal article
91
research suggesting vaccines cause autism
has been retracted
92
positron emission tomography
PET scan
93
computed tomography
CT scan
94
functional magnetic resonance imaging
fMRI
95
explored the concept of inheritance of traits throughout generations
Darwin
96
organisms that are better suited for the environment will survive and reproduce, while those that are poorly suited for their environment will die off
natural selection
97
long strand of DNA
chromosome
98
helix shaped molecule made of nucleotide base pairs
DNA
99
sequence of DNA that control or partially controls physical characteristics known as traits
gene
100
variations of a gene
allele
101
the genetic makeup of an individual based on DNA inherited from parents
genotype
102
physical characteristics
phenotype
103
work together to make us who we are
nature and nurture, genetic environmental correlation
104
asserts that our genes set the boundaries within which we operate, and our environment interacts with the genes to determine where in that range we fall
range of reaction
105
made up of glia and neurons
nervous system
106
made up of soma, cell membrane, dendrites, axon, myelin sheath, terminal buttons
neurons
107
space between terminal button and dendrites, passes neurotransmitters
synapse
108
Na more concentrated in extracellular fluid, K more concentrated in cytoplasm
resting potential
109
electrical charge across membranes changes dramatically, all or none processes
action potential
110
involves moving a neurotransmitter from a synapse back into the axon terminal
reuptake
111
focuses on the physiological causes of behavior, believes psych disorders are associated with imbalances in one or more neurotransmitter systems
biological perspective
112
drugs that treat psych symptoms by restoring neurotransmitter balance
pyschotropic medications
113
responsible for mood, sleep, learning, pleasure, suppressed appetite
dopamine
114
responsible for brain function, sleep, decreased anxiety, decreased tension
gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA)
115
responsible for memory, learning,
glutamate
116
responsible for heart, intestines, alertness, arousal, suppressed appetite
norepinephrine
117
responsible for mood, sleep, appetite
seratonin
118
brain and spinal cord
central nervous system
119
somatic and autonomic nervous system, nerves
peripheral nervous system
120
touch, hearing, etc
somatic nervous system
121
internal senses, emergency and housekeeping responses
autonomic PNS
122
emergency response, increased heart rate, etc.
sympathetic PNS
123
housekeeping PNS
parasympathetic
124
comprised of billions of interconnected neurons, two sided brain,
brain
125
delivers messages to and from the brain, own system or reflexes
spinal cord
126
bring messages in and up to the brain
sensory nerves
127
send messages to the muscles and organs
motor nerves
128
divides brain into left and right
longitudinal fissure
129
specialization of function
lateralization
130
connects the left and right hemispheres of the brain
corpus callosum
131
severing of corpus callosum, done to treat severe seizures, left side responsible for language and connected to right visual field
split brain
132
part of the neuron that keeps the interior parts inside and prevents extracellular fluid and ions from entering
cell membrane
133
behavioral effect of too little seratonin released into the synaptic cleft
decreased mood regulation
134
part of DNA that controls or partially controls physical characteristics
genes
135
when you calm down its thanks to
parasympathetic NS
136
largest part of the brain, has cerebral cortex, thalamus, and hypothalamus
forebrain
137
higher level processing in the brain
cerebral cortex
138
sensory relay
thalamus
139
maintains homeostasis
hypothalamus
140
largest part of the brain, involved in executive functioning (planning, attention, motor control, emotion, language)
frontal love
141
strip of cortex in frontal lobe that plans and coordinates movements
motor cortex
142
responsible for higher level cognitive functioning
prefrontal cortex
143
region in the LEFT hemisphere that is essential for producing language
Broca's area
144
frontal lobe was damaged in an accident causing changed personality
phineas gage
145
involved in processing various sensory and perceptual info, has somatosensory cortex
parietal lobe
146
essential for processing sensory info from body such as touch, temp, and pain
somatosensory cortex
147
associated with hearing, memory, emotion, and some aspects of language, TEMPO
temporal lobe
148
strip of cortex responsible for processing auditory info
auditory cortex
149
important for speech comprehension and understanding language
Wernicke's area
150
mediates emotional response and memory, has hippocampus, amygdala, hypothal and thal
limbic system
151
memory
hippocampus
152
generated emotion and empathy
amygdala
153
everything good, maintains homeostasis
hypothalamus
154
relay center of brain
thalamus
155
visual processing (retinotopic processing)
occipital lobe
156
important in regulating sleep and wake cycle, arousal, alertness, in mid brain
reticular formation
157
where dopamine is produced, control of movement
substantia nigra
158
where dopamine is produced, associate with mood, reward, and addiciton
ventral tegmental area VTA
159
degeneration of these involved in parkinsons
VTA and substantia nigra
160
contains medulla, pons, and cerebellum
hindbrain
161
controls automated processes like breathing, BP, HR
medulla
162
connects the brain and spinal cord, involved in regulating brain activity during sleep
pons
163
controls balance, coordination, movement, and motor skills, thought to be important in processing some types of memory
cerebellum
164
the VTA is involved in balance and coordination
false
165
brocas area helps comprehend speech
false
166
allows to observe metabolization of glucose
PET scan
167
allows to observe metabolization of oxygen
fMRI
168
imaging that allows observation of electrical activity
EEG
169
forms of radiation brain imaging
CT, PET
170
uses x rays to scan brain, shows tumors, shows density
CT
171
drink or inject with mildly radioactive tracer bound to glucose, monitor metabolization, which shows cerebral activity
PET
172
magnetic fields used to produce a picture of the tissue being imaged
MRI
173
MRI that shows changes in metabolic activity over time, metabolization of oxygen
fMRI
174
measures electrical charge from neural firing
EEG
175
responsible for anxiety, alcohol is an agonist
GABA
176
responsible for learning
glutamate
177
feel good, agonists are drugs and alcohol
dopamine
178
increases alertness, makes adrenaline
noriepinephrine
179
mood regulation
5HT
180
depression and suppressed appetite
too little seratonin
181
five steps of neuron firing
resting potential, chemical message, threshold of excitation, action potential, repolarize
182
how is the inside of a neuron charged at resting potential
negative
183
block neurostransmitters
antagonist drugs
184
mimic neurotransmitters
agonist drugs
