unit 4 Flashcards
(210 cards)
1
Q
persist over an extended period of time
A
chronic stressors
2
Q
brief focal events, can be overwhelming after event
A
acute stressors
3
Q
good stress associated with positive feelings, optimal health, and performance
A
eustress
4
Q
optimal level combines
A
eustress and distress
5
Q
excessive and dehabilitating stress, performance will decline
A
distress
6
Q
accelerated heart rate, headaches, or gastrointestinal problems
A
physiological stress response
7
Q
difficulty concentrating or making decision
A
cognitive stress response
8
Q
drinking alcohol, smoking, or taking actions directed at eliminating cause of stress
A
behavioral stress response
9
Q
scientific study of how stress and other psychological factors impact health impact health and how people respond to illness
A
health psychology
10
Q
developed fight or flight response
A
walter cannon
11
Q
sympathetic NS response to a specific stressor, assists in maintaining homeostasis, pupils dilate, HR increases, respiration quickens, sweat
A
fight or flight response
12
Q
stress expert, accidentally discovered that prolonged negative stimulation (stressors) caused rats to show signs of adrenal enlargement, thymus, lymph node shrinkage, stomach ulceration
A
hans selye
13
Q
bodys nonspecific physiological response to stress
A
general adaptation syndrome
14
Q
body’s immediate reaction
A
alarm reaction
15
Q
body has adapted to stressor, remains on alert, and prepared to respond like alarm reaction with less intensity
A
stage of exhaustion
16
Q
sympathetic triggers arousal via release of adrenaline, activates fight or flight, simultaneously HPA axis activates
A
alarm reaction
17
Q
stress has favorable effects
A
in short bursts
18
Q
threatened death or serious injury, men and minorities report more traumatic groups
A
traumatic events
19
Q
chronic stress reaction caused by painful memories
A
PTSD
20
Q
43 major life events, that require readjustment, many pleasant life events are listed, can add up over time
A
social readjustment rating scale (SSRS)
21
Q
minor irritations and annoyances that are part of daily life
A
daily hassles
22
Q
work situation that combines excessive job demands and workload with little discretion in decision making)
A
job burnout
23
Q
high levels of cortisol become vulnerable to infection or disease
A
chronic stress
24
Q
physical disorders or diseases that are worsened by stress and emotional factorfs
A
psychphysiological disorders
25
identified as a risk factor for chronic health problems and mortality
nuertocism
26
major pathways that stress and emotional factors can take leading to illness and disease
immune system
27
psychological factors that influence immune system and functioning
psychneuroimmunology
28
in people with more childhood trauma, shortened telomeres, meaning
inhibited cell division, rapid aging
29
focus of psychophysiological disorders because they are central to stress response
cardiovascular disorders
30
one in three US deaths and leading cause of developed world deaths
heart disease
31
risk factor of heart disease
hypertension, high BP, obesity, diabetes,
32
chest pains, discomfort when hear doesn't receive enough blood, shortness of breath
angina
33
aggressive and chronic struggle to achieve more, excessive competitive drive, chronic sense of time urgency, impatience, hostility towards others
type A
34
more relaxed and laid back
type B
35
anger and hostility substantially elevated
heart disease risk
36
angry and hostile moods create
social strain
37
heart disease linked to
negative affectivity (tend to experience distressed emotional states involving anger, contempt, disgust, guilt, fear)
38
mental and behavioral efforts to deal with stress
coping
39
manage or alter problem causing stress, more likely with controllable stressor
problem focused coping
40
efforts to change or reduce negative emotions from stress, more likely with an uncontrollable stressor
emotion focused coping
41
beliefs about personal capacity to exert influence over and shape oucomes
perceived control
42
better physical and mental health and greater well being, lower reactivity
personal control
43
lack of personal control over threatening, harmful, or noxious events
negative psych consequences
44
dogs placed in chamber, failed to try to escape, seligan experiment, led to
learned helplessness (belief that powerless to do anything about stress situation)
45
strong interpersonal relationships with close, caring individuals that help during times of distress and fear
social support
46
combines relaxation with transcental meditation, four components, comfy chair, close eyes, repeat mantra, allow mind to focus
relaxation response technique
47
uses electronic equipment to accurately measure a person's neuromuscular and autonomic activity
biofeedback
48
an enduring state of mind consisting of joy, contentment, and other positive emotions, plus sense that ones life has meaning
happiness
49
characterized as subjective well being
happiness
50
elements of happiness
pleasant life, good life, meaning full life
51
factors connected to happiness
age, family, social relationships, religion, and culture
52
predicting intensity and duration of future emotions
affective forecasting
53
science of happiness, seeks to identify and promote qualities that lead to greater fulfillment, focus on people's strengths and what helps them lead content lives
positive psych
54
pleasurable engagement with environment, such as happiness or joy, can be brief or long lasting
positive affect
55
tendency to look on bright side of things
optimism
56
particular experience that is so engaging and engrossing it becomes worth doing for its own sake
flow
57
abnormal thoughts, feelings, and behaviors
psych disorder
58
study of psych disorders, simplest approach to label behaviors, thoughts and inner experiences
psychopathology
59
deviate from normal
atypical
60
internal mechanism that no longer perform its normal function leading to negative consequences
harmful dysfunction
61
significant disturbances in thoughts, feelings, and behaviors, disturbances reflect some kind of biological, psych, or developmental dysfunctional, lead to significant distress, and do not reflect expected or culturally approved responses
psych disorders
62
diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, diagnosis, features, criteria, prevalence, risk factors
DSM
63
OCD and major depressive frequently occur, are
comorbid
64
international classification of diseases, used for clinical use
ICD
65
psych disorders attributed to forces beyond scientific understanding, treatment was torture
supernatural perspective
66
psych disorders linked to biology like genetic factors, chemical imbalances, and brain abnormalities
biological perspective
67
emphasizes the importance of stress, learning, self defeating, and environmental factors, views cause of disorders as a combo of bio and psychosocial factors
psychosocial perspective
68
integrates factors to predict likelihood of disorder
diathesis-stress model
69
more likely to develop when faced with adverse events,
predisposition
70
can be biological or psych
diathesis
71
instant reaction to imminent threat
fear
72
apprehension, avoidance, and cautiousness regarding a potential threat, danger, or other negative event
anxiety
73
excessive and persistent fear and anxiety, related to disturbances in behavior
anxiety disorders
74
experience excessive, distressing, and persistent fear or anxiety about a specific object or situation
specific phobia
75
fear of marketplace, characterized by intense fear, anxiety, and avoidance of situations that might be difficult to escape or receive help if one experiences a panic attack
agoraphobia
76
classical conditioning, vicarious learning, and verbal transmission of info
acquisition of phobias
77
extreme and persistent fear or anxiety and avoidance of social situations where person cannot be evaluated negatively by others
social anxiety disorder
78
avoiding eye contact, assume minimal roles, rehearse, wear bland clothing
safety behavior
79
recurrent and unexpected panic attacks, work over panic attacks, period of extreme fear or discomfort that develops abruptly, cannot be a result of drugs or other conditions
panic disorder
80
accelerated HR, sweating, trembling, choking, hot flashes, fear of dying
panic disorder symptoms
81
continuous state of excessive, uncontrollable, and pointless worry and apprehension, worry about routine
generalized anxiety disorder
82
worry represents a mental strategy to avoid more powerful negative emotions stemming from trauma, acts as distraction
cognitive theory
83
intrusive, unpleasant thoughts and repetitive behavior
obsessive compulsive disorder
84
persistence, urges, distressing
obsessions
85
repetitive and ritualistic acts that minimize obsessions or distress
compulsions
86
preoccupied with perceived flaw in physical appearance that is nonexistent or barely noticeable
body dysmorphic disorder
87
cannot part with personal possessions regardless or value or usefullness
hoarding disorder
88
genetic component, seratonin, dopamine, glutamate, orbitofrontal cortex involved in learning,
OCD
89
anterior cingulate
hoarding
90
prefrontal cortex
body dysmorphia
91
orbitofrontal cortex
OCD
92
exposed to or witness the details of a traumatic experience with actual or threatened death, sexual violence, etc
PTSD
93
trauma, lack of social support, female, low SES, low intelligence, history, neurotic or somatic personality, serotonin issues
risk factors for PTSD
94
traumatic events (UCS elicit fear and anxiety, cues become associated, traumatic reminders become CS and fear and anxiety are CR
conditioning theory for PTSD
95
disturbance sin memory for the event, poorly encoded, haunted, negative appraisals of trauma and aftermath, belief they deserve it
cognitive theory of PTSD
96
disturbances in mood or prolonged emotional state
mood disorder
97
overwhelming feelings of sadness, lack of interest, excessive guilt,
depression
98
experience a total of five symptoms for at least two weeks, disturbance of normal functioning
majore depressive disorder
99
applies to situations in which a person experiences the symptoms of MDD during a particular time of year
seasonal pattern
100
major depression during or in the four weeks following birth
peripartum onset
101
depressed moods most of the day for nearly every day for at least two years
persistent depressive disorder, dysthymia
102
euphoric states, extreme physical activity, excessive talkativeness, distractedness, and sometimes grandiosity
mania
103
periods of mania and depression alternate, days or months, linked to heredity
bipolar disordr
104
typically before age 25, 1 in 100, comorbid with anxiety and substance abuse
bipolar
105
elevated levels of cortisol, overactive amygdala and underactive prefrontal cortex
depression
106
imbalances in norepinephrine and serotonin lead to
mood disorders
107
lithium is used with bipolar to
block norepinephrine
108
important in assessing emotional significance
amygdala
109
regulates and controls emotions
prefrontal cortex
110
stressful events often precede onset of
depressive episodes
111
alteration in the 5-HTTLPE gene, regulates serotonin
causes genetic vulnerability
112
higher depression rates for
shorter gene and childhood maltreatment
113
triggered by negative thoughts, interpretations, self evals, and expectations
cognitive theories of depression
114
cognitive vulnerability and stressful life events lead to depression
diathesis stress model
115
contains themes of loss, failure, rejection, worthlessness, and inadequacy
depressive schema
116
specific negative thinking style, leads to hopelessness and depression
hopelessness theory
117
tendency to perceive negative life events as stable and global
negative thinking
118
expectation that unpleasant outcomes will occur or desired outcomes will not occur
hopelessness
119
repetitive and passive focus on the fact that one is depressed rather than distracting oneself
rumination
120
higher for males, risk factors include previous attempt, family, substance abuse
suicide
121
severe disorder where there are disturbances in thoughts, communications, and emotions, including delusions and hallucinations
schizophrenia
122
behavior characterized by a loss of touch with reality
psychosis
123
perceptual experience that occurs in the absence of external stimulation
hallucinations
124
beliefs that are contrary to reality, paranoid, grandiose, etc
delusions
125
disjointed and incoherent thought processes
disorganized thinking
126
unusual behavior and movement, catatonic
disorganized or abnormal motor behavior
127
decreases and absences in certain behaviors, emotions, drives
negative symptoms
128
avolition, alogia, asociality, anhedonia
negative symptoms of schizo
129
overabundance of dopamine or too many dopamine receptors responsible for onset and maintenance of
schizophrenia
130
enlarged ventricles, reduced gray matter, pregnancy risks
brain anatomy of schizo
131
individual becomes split off or dissociated from core sense of self, memory and identity disturbed
dissociative disorders
132
unable to recall important personal info, following a stressful event
dissociative amnesia
133
suddenly wander from home, experience identity confusion
dissociative fugue
134
feelings of unreality or detachment from one's whole self or aspects
depersonalization
135
a sense of unreality or detachment from the world, surroundings, and people
derealization
136
formerly multiple personality disorder, individual exhibits two or more separate personalities, memory gaps, history of childhood trauma
dissociative identity disorder
137
exhibit personality style that differed markedly from expectations, begins adolescence or early adulthood, causes distress
personality disorders
138
characterized by instability in interpersonal relationships, self image, and mood, cannot be alone, relationships intense and unstable, moody
borderline personality disorder
139
complete lack of regard for other peoples rights or feelings, lack empathy, ego, overactive in self awareness
antisocial personality disorder
140
diagnosed in infancy, childhood, or adolescence
childhood disorders
141
development problems in social, cognitive, etc
neurodevelopmental disorders
142
constant pattern of inattention or hyperactive and impulsive behavior, interferes with education, less dopamine activity
ADHD
143
deficits in social interaction, communication, repetitive patterns of behavior or interests
autism spectrum disorder
144
how people affect one another and the power of a situation, individual thoughts, feelings and behaviors heavily influence by situation
social pscyh
145
pertain to the individual, emotions, attitudes, self, social cognition
intrapersonal
146
pertain to dyads and groups, helping behavior, aggression, prejudice, discrimination, relationships
interpersonal
147
behavior is a product of
culture, social roles, bystanders, and personality
148
views behavior and actions as determined by immediate environment
situationism
149
behavior is determined by internal factors and other attributes of person and includes personality traits and temperament
dispositionism
150
belief about the cause of a behavior
attribution
151
behaviors caused by personal factors
dispositional
152
behavior caused by environment
situational
153
tend to overemphasize dispositional attributes for others behavior, underestimate power of situation, bias, not a universal phenomenon but higher in individualistic cultures
fundamental attribution error
154
faulty thinking someone or something is unintentionally stereotype
representative bias
155
make decision based on readily available info
availability heuristic
156
attributing other peoples behavior to internal factors and attributing our own to external factors
actor observer bias
157
tendency to take credit by making dispositional (internal) attributions for positive outcomes, but external for negative
self serving bias
158
locus of control, stability of outcome, controllability of circumstances
three dimensions of attribution
159
belief that people get outcomes they deserve
just world hypothesis
160
situational forces have strong influence on behavior
self presentation
161
expected pattern of behavior, defined by shared knowledge and social norms
social role
162
evaluation of a person, idea, or object
attitude
163
psych discomfort arising from two or more inconsistent attitudes, behaviors, or beliefs
cognitive dissonance
164
difficult initiation into a group leads to justifying effort and liking more
effect of initiation
165
process of changing attitude based on communication
persuasion
166
credibility and physical attractiveness
sources of persuasive message
167
subtlety, sidedness, timing, both sides presented
features of message
168
attention, intelligence, self esteem, age
features of audience
169
dynamics of persuasion, central and peripheral
elaboration likelihood model
170
logic driven, data, and facts
central route
171
indirect persuasion route, associates positivity
peripheral
172
get person to agree to small favor, later request more, foot in door
principle of consistency
173
people aware of experiment, work for researcher
confederates
174
influence of group majority on individual judgement
asch effect
175
size of majority, presence of another dissenter, public or private nature,
factors that influence conformity
176
behavior changing in public vs private
compliance
177
people conform to group norm to fit in, feel good
normative social infuence
178
people conform because believe group is smart and has correct info
informational social influence
179
change of individuals behavior to comply with authority figure, eichmanns shock trial
obedience
180
modification members opinions to align with group consensus
groupthink
181
strengthening of attitude after discussing views within group,
group polarization
182
individual performs with audience rather than alone
social facilitation
183
exerting less effort by group member, less motivation, as
social loafing
184
negative attitude and feeling toward an individual based on group membership, begins as stereotype
prejudice
185
negative action toward individual because of group membership
discrimination
186
explicit attitudes (controllable) and implicit attitudes
dual attitudes model
187
expectation held by person that alters his or her desire to make true
self fulfilling prophecy
188
preference for own group, sense of belonging
in group bias
189
blaming out group when in group is frusturated
scapegoating
190
learn whether you have unconscious implicit attitudes, associate words with white or black faces
implicit association test
191
seek to cause harm or pain to another person
aggression
192
motivated by feelings of anger with intent to cause pain
hostile
193
motivated by achieving goal does not involve intent to cause pain (assassin)
instrumental
194
aggression develops from
frustration
195
repeated negative treatment of another person over time
bullying
196
witness or bystander does not help victim
bystander effecct
197
tendency for no one in group to help as responsibility is spread
diffusion of responsibility
198
voluntary behavior with intent to help others
prosocial behavior
199
desire to help others even if cost outweighs benefits
altruism
200
factors that influence formed relationships
proximity and similarity
201
tendency for people to form social networks with others who are similar
homophily
202
desire in relationships
reciprocity
203
sharing of personal info, more intimate
self disclosure
204
people pick someone viewed as equal in attractiveness and social desirability
matching hypothesis
205
sharing of details and intimate thoughts and emotions
intimacy
206
physical attraction
passion
207
standing by person
commitment
208
7 types of love, sternberg
triangular theory of love
209
keep a tally of costs and benefits of relationships
social exchange theory
210
