unit 3 Flashcards
(225 cards)
1
Q
encompasses the processes associated with perception, knowledge, problem solving, judgement, language, and memory
A
cognition
2
Q
field of psych dedicated to examining how people think
A
cognitive psych
3
Q
categories or groupings of linguistic info, images, ideas, or memories
A
concepts
4
Q
simple, complex, and abstract organization
A
concepts
5
Q
to determine category, compare it to the best or typical example
A
ecxemplar
6
Q
contains common and salient features, can help determine category
A
prototype
7
Q
occur naturally or organically through either indirect or direct experiences, ex = snow
A
natural concept
8
Q
defined by a specific set of characteristics, ex=time
A
artificial concept
9
Q
mental construct consisting of a cluster or collection or related concepts
A
schema
10
Q
assumptions about how individuals in certain roles will behave
A
role schema
11
Q
set of behaviors for a given event, cognitive script
A
event schema
12
Q
communication system that uses words and rules to organize ideas and transmit information
A
language
13
Q
words of a given language, vocab
A
lexicon
14
Q
set of rules used ot convey meaning
A
grammar
15
Q
human language is coded in genes (chomsky)
A
language acquisition device
16
Q
underlying basis of all language is similar, it is
A
universal
17
Q
basic sound unit of language , different for different languages
A
phoneme
18
Q
smallest unit of language, conveys meaning,
A
morpheme
19
Q
way words are organized in sentences
A
syntax
20
Q
meaning of morphemes and words
A
semantics
21
Q
case of genie
A
without nurture and nature support, language did not develop
22
Q
universal, reproduce single letter phonemes
A
cooing
23
Q
combining phonemes into meaningful units, repetition of similar and identical syllables
A
babbling
24
Q
combine morphemes into words, single word, concerned with semantics
A
one word utterances
25
combo of one word utterances, nouns and verbs, determined by semantic
two word utterances
26
emerges at age 4-5, combine one and two word utterances into sentences
basic adult structures
27
an extension of a language rule but to an exception of the rule
overgeneralization
28
language influences
the way we think (language determinism)
29
obstacle or gap between a present state and goal
problem
30
plan of action to find solution
problem solving strategy
31
continue trying different solution until problem solved
trial and error
32
step by step problem solving formula
algorithm
33
general problem solving framework
heruistic
34
working backwards, top down processing,
heuristics
35
accomplishing a large goal or task by breaking it into a series of smaller steps
scaffolding
36
inability to perceive an object being used for something other than what it was designed for
functional fixedness
37
tendency to focus on one piece of info when making a decision or solving a problem
anchoring bias
38
tendency to focus on info that confirms your existing beliefs
confirmation bias
39
leads you to believe that the event you just experienced was predictable, even though it wasn't
hindsight bias
40
tendency to unintentionally stereotype someone or something
representative bias
41
tendency to make a decision based on example, info, or recent experience, even if no the best example
availability heuristic
42
believed intelligence consisted of one general factor, g, which could be measured and compared
charles spearman
43
acquired knowledge and ability to retrieve it, learn remember recall
crystallized intelligence
44
ability to see complex relationships and solve problems, tackle complex problems
fluid intelligence
45
practical, analytical, and creative intelligence
sternbers theory
46
street smarts, find solutions that work in everyday life
practical intelligence
47
closely aligned with academic problem solving and computations, analyze, evaluate, judge
analytical intelligence
48
marked by inventing or imagining a solution to a problem or situation
creative intelligence
49
each person possesses at least 8 intelligences
multiple intelligences theory
50
linguistic, logical mathematical, musical, bodily kinesthetic, spatial, interpersonal, intrapersonal, naturalist,
multiple intelligence theory
51
inter and intra personal intelligences, ability to understand emotions of self and others, social skills, good predictor of success
emotional intelligence
52
how well you relate values of a culture
cultural intelligence/competence
53
ability to generate, create, discover new ideas, solutions, and possibilities
creativity
54
thinking outside the box, generate multiple solutions, open ended, large number of potential solutions
divergent thinking
55
ability to provide a correct or well established solution to a problem, one correct answer
convergent thinking
56
score on test to measure intelligence
intelligence quotient (IQ)
57
reliable intelligence testing began in 1900s with, developed test to determine which french children were struggling in school
alfred binet
58
modified binets work by standardizing administration
louis terman
59
consistent manner of administration, scoring, interpretation
standardization
60
giving test to large population, make average for age groups
norming
61
variety of verbal and nonverbal skills,
whesler
62
14 subtest, compared verbal comprehension, visual spatial, fluid reasoning, working memory, processing speed
wisc-v
63
must be recalibration of IQ test as each generation has higher IQ than last
flynn effect
64
shape of IQ distribution
bell cure, normal distribution
65
subset of population that accurately represents the general population
representative sample
66
average is 100, standard deviation is 15
interpreting IQ score
67
dispersion of data in a population, give context and variability
standard deviations
68
68 percent of IQ scores, between
85 and 115
69
scores below 70 on IQ with social delays indicated
intellectual disability
70
high intelligence is a result of
nature vs nurture
71
MN study of twins reared apart indicated a
genetic component to intelligence
72
theory that each person responds to environment in unique way based on genetics
range of reaction
73
children in poverty experience more daily stress and exhibit
lower IQ
74
specific impairments of intelligence
learning disabilities
75
most common impairment in children, inability to correctly process letters, sound processing doesn't work (wernickes), don't understand sound letter correspondence
dyslexia
76
struggle to write legibly, physical task of writing is hard, trouble with putting thoughts on paper, problems with spatial abilities
dysgraphia
77
study of development across a lifespan
developmental psych
78
growth and changes in body, brain, sense, motor skills, health
physical development
79
learning, attention, memory, language, thinking, reasoning, creativity
cognitive development
80
emotions, personality, social relationships
psychosocial development
81
studies large number of children to create developmental milestones (average age to reach events)
normative approach
82
smooth slope of progression
continuous development
83
growth in discrete stages
discontinuous
84
sequence of development is universal
stage theories
85
cultural practices can accelerate or inhibit motor development such as in
ache society in paraguay, children walk at 2 years
86
persistent differences in grades, test scores, grad rates
achievement gap
87
low income children perform worse on
tests, graduation, college entrance
88
freud, theory that personality develops early during childhood, pass through stages,
psychosexual theory for development
89
birth to age 1, ego directs baby to suck
oral
90
1-3 years, toilet training,
anal
91
3-6 years, pleasure in genital stimulation, hostility towards same sex parent
phallic
92
6-11 years, sexual instincts die down, superego develops, social values
latency
93
adolescence, with puberty, sexual impulses reappear
genital
94
emphasized social nature of development over lifespan, social interactions affect identity, 8 stages
erik erikson
95
trust v mistrust
needs met, world is safe place
96
autonomy vs stage/doubt
develop sense of independence
97
initiative vs guilt
take initiative on some activities, may develop guilt when unsuccessful
98
industry vs inferiority
self confidence in abilities
99
indentity vs confusion
experiment with and develop identity and roles
100
intimacy vs isolation
establish intimacy and relationships
101
generativity vs stagnation
contribute to society, part of a family
102
integrity vs despair
assess and make sense of life and meaning of contributions
103
cognitive development, believed thinking is central to development, theory that cognitive abilities develop through specific stages, discontinuous
jean piaget
104
incorporate new info into existing schema
assimilation
105
change schemata based on new info, create new shcema
accommodation
106
birth-2 years, learn through senses and motor behavior, object permanence, stranger anxiety
sensorimotor stage
107
2-7, use symbols, use language, don't have conservation, display egocentrism
preoperational stage
108
changed appearance of something is still equal in size
conservation
109
children cannot take perspective of others
egocentrism
110
7-11, think logically, mathematical operations, understand reversibility
concrete operational stage
111
objects can be changed and returned to their original form
reversibility
112
11- adulthood, think logically, deal with abstract ideas, moral reasoning
formal operational stage
113
decisions based on situations and circumstances, logic is integrated with emotion as adults develop principles that depend on contexts
suggested fifth postformal stage
114
obedience and punishment, individual interest
preconventional morality
115
interpersonal, social approval, authority driven
conventional morality
116
social contract, universal ethics
post conventional morality
117
1-2 weeks, mother and father pass DNA, zygote forms, mitosis,
germinal stage
118
3-8 weeks, embryo, placenta formed, basic structures start toform
embryonic stage
119
9-40 weeks, organs differentiate, brain develops, teratogens influence
fetal stage
120
any environmental agent that causes damage to developing fetus
teratogen
121
all healthy babies are born with
reflexes (automatic responses to stimulation)
122
when you stroke cheek, turn head that direction and suck
rooting reflex
123
automatic and unlearned
sucking reflex
124
newborn grasps with hands
grasping reflex
125
response if feels like falling, baby spread arm
moro reflex
126
baby motor development follows
orderly sequence, trunk out
127
ability to move body and manipulate objects
motor skills
128
use muscles in fingers, toes, eyes, coordination
fine motor skills
129
use large muscle groups that control arms and legs
gross motor skills
130
6-9 month cognitive milestones
shake head no, hide and seek, verbal requests
131
preschool age cognitive milestones
count, colors, name, age, basic time, predict story, enjoy humor, enjoy symbolic thought (play pretend)
132
3-5 year cognitive milestones
theory of mind, recognize false belief, ex = crayon box
133
middle and late childhood cognitive development
skills expand, though processes become logical, past, present, future, form attachments
134
long standing connection or bond with others
attachment
135
monkey experiments, feelings of comfort and security are critical components of bonding
harry harlow
136
attachment is affectionate bond or tie, helps with normal social and emotional development, secure base
john bowlby
137
caregiver must be responsive to childs needs, engage in mutuatally enjoyable interactions
secure base
138
researched if children differ in ways they bond, strange situation procedure
ainsworth
139
three types of attachment
secure, avoidant, resistant
140
distressed when mother leaves, happy when reunited
secure (most common)
141
child unresponsive to parent, does not care if leave, slow to show positive response upon return
avoidant
142
display clingy behavior, reject attachment figures attempt to interact, don't explore toys, angry at parent returns, difficult to comfort
resistant
143
behave oddly, freeze, run around, run away, indicates abuse
disorganized
144
primary psychosocial milesone
development of self concept
145
parent gives reasonable demands and limits, expresses warmth, listens to child, sets rules and explains
authoritative
146
parents place high value on conformity and obedience, strict, little warmth, creates anxious kids
authoritatarian
147
kids run show, anything goes, few demands, nurturing and loving, more of a friend
permissive
148
parents indifferent, referred to as neglectful
uninvolved
149
innate traits that influence how one thinks, behaves, and reacts with the environment
temperament
150
positive emotions, adapt well to change, regulate emotions
easy temperaments
151
negative emotions, difficulty adapting, difficulty regulating emotions
difficult temperaments
152
time to develop independence from parents while remaining connected
adolescence
153
maturing of adrenal and sex glands
adrenarche, gonadarche
154
organs for reproduction
primary sexual characteristics
155
physical signs of sexual maturation
secondary sexual characteristics
156
brain growth continues into 20s, meaning
increased risk taking and emotional outbursts
157
adolescent cognitive development
more complex thinking, cognitive empathy, question authority
158
ability to take others perspective and feel concern
cognitive empathy
159
adolescent psychosocial development
refine sense of self, adopt values and roles, peer relationships central
160
18-20 years old, early middle and late
adulthood
161
physical maturation complete, physical abilities peak
early adulthood
162
skin loses elasticity, lost fertility, gain weight, hair thinning
middle adulthood
163
lose brain mass and fluid intelligence in
late adulthood
164
adult psychosocial development
social connectedness, meaning through work and family, stable marriage,
165
social support and friendships dwindle in number, remain close
socioemotional selectivity theory
166
denial, anger, bargaining, depression, acceptance
five stages of grief
167
studied death and dying
elizabeth kubler ross
168
long standing traits and patterns that propel individuals to consistently think, feel behave, not easily changed
personality
169
theorized personality traits based on body fluids
hippocrates
170
yellow bile, passionate, ambitious, bold
choleric
171
black bile, reserved, anxious, sad
melancholic
172
red blood, joyful, eager, optimistic
sanguine
173
white phlegm, calm reliable, thoughtful
phlegmatic
174
suggested diseases and personality differences are explained by imbalanced humors (fluids)
galen
175
distances between bumps on skull reveal personality and mental ability
franz gall
176
everyone sorted in 1 of 4 temperaments
immanuel kant, no overlap
177
personality described with 2 major axes, emotional/not, changeable/not
wundt
178
neurologist, discovered allowing Anna to talk symptoms brought relief, talking cure,
freud
179
aware of small amount of minds activities, freudian slip, ego, superego, ID
psychodynamic perspective
180
balances aggressive pleasure seeking drives of ID with superego
ego
181
unconscious, drives and urges, pleasure principle
ID
182
develops through social interaction, moral compass, strives for perfection, success=pride
superego
183
rational part of personality, seen by others
ego
184
operates in ways to distort reality, defense mechanism
unconscious ego
185
lead to childs pleasure seeking urges
psychosexual stages if development
186
founded individual psych focused on drive to compensate for inferiority, inferiority complex, occupational, societal, and love tasks, neofreudian
adler
187
shapes personality, older sibling overachiever
birth order
188
eight stages, each represents a conflict or developmental task, neofreudian
erikson
189
analytical psych (conscious v unconscious), continuous learning process, collective unconscious
jung
190
mainly in second half of life, become aware of unconscious elements
continuous learning process
191
universal version of personal unconscious, holding mental patterns, common to all, themes, ancestral memories
collective unconscious
192
proposed extroversion and introversion, self realization
jung
193
energized by people
extrovert
194
balance between extroversion and introversion
self realization
195
mask adopted, compromise between ideal and real self
persona
196
basis of myer briggs type indicator
extroversion and introversion
197
each individual has potential for self realization, no penis envy, normal growth blocked by loneliness or isolation
horney
198
Horney styles of coping
moving toward people, against people, or away form people
199
relies on affiliation and dependence
moving toward people
200
relies on aggression and assertiveness
moving against people
201
centers on detachment and isolation
moving away from people
202
personality traits not genetic, shaped by reinforcements and consequences, change with new situations
behavioral perspective
203
bandura, personality develops through learning, learning and cognition lead to differences, reciprocal determinism, observational learning, self efficacy
social cognitive perspective
204
cognitive processes, behavior, and context interact and influence each other
reciprocal determinism
205
level of confidence in our own abilities, developed through social experiences, high believe goals attainable, challenges are tasks to master
self efficacy
206
locus of control
julian rotter
207
beliefs about power we have over our lives
locus of control
208
believe most outcomes are a direct result of efforts
internal locus
209
believe outcomes controlled by other people, luck, chance
external locus
210
identifying a goal, pursuing, both internal and external feedback, delaying gratification
self regulation
211
examined healthy, creative, and productive people, hierarchy of needs
maslow
212
thoughts and feelings about ourselves
self concept, carl rogers
213
inherited predispositions and physiological processes explain personality
biological approach
214
how we respond to new or challenging stimuli
reactivity
215
ability to control repsonse
self regulation
216
all people have certain traits or characteristic ways of behaving
tenant
217
traits exist on continuum, 16PF, eysencks believe genetics influences
trait theorists
218
ensenycks
believed people have two dimensions of personality, intro/extroversion and neuroticism/stability
219
five factor model
openness, conscientiousness, extroversion, agreeableness, neuroticism
220
imagination, feelings, actions, ideas
openness
221
competence, self discipline, thoughtfulness, achievement
conscientiousness
222
social, assertive
extroversion
223
pleasant, cooperative
agreeableness
224
negative emotions, reactive
neuroticism
225
