unit 2 Flashcards
(187 cards)
1
Q
stimulation of your senses
A
sensation
2
Q
converting outside world into neural impulses, has an absolute threshold
A
transduction
3
Q
process interpreting, organizing, and experiencing sensation
A
perception
4
Q
building up perception piece by piece, using parts, slow, effortful, guarunteed
A
bottom up processing
5
Q
useful without all the info, educated inference
A
top down processing
6
Q
constant sensation may not be perceived due to
A
sensory adaptation
7
Q
sensation without perception, transduction occurs
A
inattentional blindness
8
Q
number of waves that pass a given point in a period of time, in hertz
A
frequency
9
Q
red waves have
A
longer wavelength and shorter frequency
10
Q
light visible to humans
A
visible spectrum (small portion of electromagnetic spectrum)
11
Q
all electromagnetic radiation
A
electromagnetic spectrum
12
Q
different wavelengths are associate with perception of different
A
colors
13
Q
frequency of sound wave is associated with perception of the sounds
A
pitch
14
Q
higher frequency means
A
higher pitch
15
Q
loudness is measured in decibels and is
A
the height of a wave (amplitude)
16
Q
light enters eye and rods and cones convert the light into neural signals
A
transduction
17
Q
term for building perception from basic units of input
A
bottom up
18
Q
number of waves that pass a given point in a period of time
A
frequency
19
Q
protects the eye from debris
A
cornea
20
Q
color part of eye, muscle that protects the inner eye from excessive light and controls pupil size
A
iris
21
Q
hollow center of iris, allows light to enter
A
pupil
22
Q
focuses back towards retina and fovea
A
lens
23
Q
where transduction occurs, cones and rods
A
retina
24
Q
dense collection of cones, color fission
A
fovea
25
where axons from photoreceptors exit the eye and transmit a signal
optic nerve
26
where axons leave there is a
blindspot
27
trasduce light into neural signals
photoreceptors
28
movement, low light, peripheral vission
rods
29
detailed color vision, 3 types
cones
30
where visual info enters brain, pathway to occipital lobe
optic chiasm
31
red, green, and blue combine to produce all colors on a retina level, cones are on or off
trichromatic theory
32
cones are linked in opposing pairs, cognitive based color vision
opponent process theory
33
retinal image
2D
34
ability to perceive a 3D relationship
depth percepton
35
uses 2 eyes
binocular depth cues
36
each eye gets different images and infers
binocular disparity
37
linear perspective, uses one eye
monocular depth cues
38
perceive depth in 2D with monocular cues, parallel lines converge
linear perspective
39
in basilar membrane, modified dendrites
hair cells
40
channels and directs sound waves into the ear
pinna
41
sound waves bounce down this
auditory canal
42
sound waves hit and make vibrate
tympanic membrane
43
changes the type of vibration, moves the oval window in and out
ossicles (malleus incus stapes)
44
fluid is pushed through this
cochlea
45
fluid passes through
basilar membrane and hair cells
46
localizing sounds involves both
monaural and binaural cues
47
between ear level and timing differences
interaural level and timing difference
48
born without hearing
congenital deafness
49
trouble delivering sounds to cochlea
conductive hearing loss
50
caused by many factors such as aging, head trauma, infections, the env
sensorineural
51
four types of taste receptors
sweet, salty, sour, bitter
52
how taste works
groupings of taste receptor cells with hair like extensions that protude into taste bud central pore
53
hair like parts that extend from the olfactory bulb into the mucous membrane of nasal cavity
olfactory receptors
54
bulb like structure at the tip of frontal lobe where olfactory nerves begin
olfactory bulb
55
chemical messages sent by another individual
pheremones
56
respond to pressure and lower frequency vibrations
meissners corpuscles
57
detect transient pressure and higher freq vibrations
pacinanian corpsucles
58
respond to light pressure
merkels disks
59
detect skin stretch
ruffini corpuscles
60
brain creates a perception that is more than the sum of available sensory info
gestalt
61
segment into figure and background
figure ground
62
see things close together differently, groupings
proximity
63
perceive through groupings
similarity
64
perceive shapes as smooth, continuous
continuity
65
perceive a complete circle and rectangle, not parts
closure
66
if no rods
struggle to detect movement, peripheral movement
67
relatively permanent change in behavior or knowledge that results from experience
learning
68
motor or neural reaction to a specific stimulus in the environment, lower level brain areas/spinal cord
reflexes
69
innate behaviors that are triggered by a broader range of events, sexual reproduction, migration, higher level brain area
instincts
70
occurs when an organisms makes connections between stimuli or events that occur together
associative learning
71
process of watching others and then imitating what they do
observational learning
72
studied digestive system of dogs, discovered the learning process of classical conditioning
pavlov
73
before, an unconditioned stimulus produces an UR, neutral stimulus does not, during conditioning US presented repeatedly after the NS, after NS alone produces CR, becomes CS
classical conditioning
74
manipulation occurs before the behavior
classical conditioning
75
established conditioned stimulus paired with a new neutral stimulus
higher order conditioning
76
rising curve shows CR quickly getting stronger through repeated pairings of CS and UCS
acquisition
77
curve decreases, shows CR weakens when only CS present
extinction
78
CR reappears after a break or pause from conditioning
spontaneous recover
79
demonstrates CR only to the specific CS
stimulus discrimination
80
CR stimuli that are similar to CS, fearing anything or all of something
stimulus generalization
81
learn not to respond to a stimulus that is presented repeatedly without change, adapt
habituation
82
used principles of classical conditioning to study human emotion, conducted little albert
John B Watson
83
little albert experiment
baby exposed to furry white things and loud sound played, taught to fear
84
response associated with a consequence
operant conditioning
85
behaviors followed by satisfying consequences are likely to be repeated
law of effect
86
developed operant conditioning chamber
skinner
87
increases a behavior
reinforcement
88
stimulus is added to increase a behavior
positive reinforcement
89
stimulus is removed to increase a behavior
negative reinforcement
90
decreases a behavior
punishment
91
add a stimulus to decrease a behavior
positive punishment
92
remove a stimulus to decrease a behavior
negative punishment
93
reward successive approximations of a target behavior, broken down into small achievable steps
shaping
94
innate reinforcing qualities, don't need to learn
primary reinforcers
95
have no inherent value, value is learned and then becomes reinforcing when linked with primary
secondary reinforcers
96
when an organism receives a reinforcer each time it displays a behavior
continuous reinforcement
97
the organism does not get reinforced every time, intermittent
partial reinforcement
98
the number of responses between reinforcements or the amount of time between is set and uncahnging
fixed
99
the number of responses between reinforcement or amount of time varies
variable
100
the schedule is based on time between reinforcements
interval
101
schedule is based on number of responses
ratio
102
schedule is unpredictable and yields high and steady response rate with little pause, ex = gambling
variable ratio
103
schedule is predictable and produces a high response rate with short pause
fixed ratio
104
schedule is unpredictable and produces a moderate, steady response rate
variable interval
105
schedule yields a scallop shaped response, reflecting pause after reinforcement
fixed interval
106
some pathological gamblers use gambling to compensate for low levels of
norepinephrine
107
used cognitive maps to navigate through a maze
tolman
108
mental picture of the layout of a maze
cognitive maze
109
learning that occurs but is not observable in behavior until there is a reason to demonstrate it
latent learning
110
learn by watching others and then imitating what they do or say
observational learning
111
attention, retention, reproduction, motivation
steps in modeling process
112
if the model's behavior was reinforced, more motivated to copy
vicarious reinforcement
113
if the model behavior was punished, less motivation to copy
vicarious punishment
114
neurons active when observing
mirror neurons
115
studied modeling of aggressive and violent behavior, bobo doll used to see how children would model
bandura's bobo doll experiment
116
models are not present for learning to occur
symbolic modeling
117
found that distributed learning is more effective for long term retention
keppel's experiment
118
input of info into the memory system
encoding
119
encoding of words and their meaning, William bousfield, better recall, deeper level of processing
semantic encoding
120
we have better memory for info especially if we use info that relates to oneself compared to less personal relevance
self reference effect
121
encoding of images
visual encoding
122
encoding of sounds, typically language
acoustic
123
retention of encoded information
storage
124
getting the info out of memory and back into awareness
retrieval
125
can be a spectrum or shallow to deep processing, low or high probability of recall
long term memory
126
information passes through three distinct stages for storage in LTM
atkinson shiffrin model of memory
127
steps of memory storage
sensory input, sensory memory, short term memory (rehearsal), long term memory
128
information is processed and stored with little effort, usually without conscious awareness
automatic processing
129
requires a lot of work and attention to encode that info, example = studying
effortful processing
130
process of converting effortful controlled processing tasks into automatic processing tasks
automaticity/proceduralization
131
temporary storage system that processes incoming sensory memory
short term memory
132
conscious repetition of info to be remembered
rehearsal
133
move STM into long term memory
memory consolidation
134
baddeley and hitch model
proposed model of storage, STM has different forms depending on the type of info received, storing memories like opening files, visuospatial sketchpad, episodic buffer, phonological loop
135
what we know we know
explicit memory
136
what we don't know we know
implicit memory
137
experienced events
episodic
138
knowledge and concepts
semantic
139
skills and actions
procedural
140
recall, recognition, relearning
three ways to retrieve from LTM
141
access info without cues
recall
142
identify info previously learned after encountering it again, involves comparison
recognition
143
involves learning info previously learned
relearning
144
searched for engram (neurons that serve as physical representation of memory)
lashley
145
if part of one area of the brain involved in memory is damaged, another part of the same area can take over memory function
equipotentiality hypothesis
146
entire brain is
involved with memory
147
distribute fragile recent memories from hippocampus to neocortex
during sleep
148
biological basis of memory, studied the synapse and its role in the flow of info through neural circuits needed to store memories
eric kandel
149
where fear memories and emotional memories are
amygdala
150
declarative (explicit), episodic, recognition memory (projects info to cortical regions that give memories meaning and connects them with other memories, where memory consolidation is
hippocampus
151
transferring new learning to long term memory
memory consolidation
152
procedural memories, ex playing piano
cerebellum
153
remembering semantic tasks, STM
prefrontal cortex
154
memory consolidation occurs through repeated neuron activity,
repeated use means less activation is needed for same response (LTP or Hebbian learning)
155
strong emotional experiences form strong memories
arousal theory
156
loss of long term memory from physical trauma or disease
amnesia
157
cannot remember or encode new info
anterograde amnesia
158
loss of memory for events prior to trauma
retrograde amnesia
159
if you lose both hippocampi
can create implicit memories (procedural, motor skills, due to cerebellum)
160
how we process and retain info, recall better for semantic than perceptual tasks
prefrontal cortex
161
retrieval is a
reconstructive process, when we retrieve, we alter and modify
162
misinformation from external forces leads to creation of false memories
suggestibility
163
developed misinformation (paradigm) effect
loftus
164
unconscious forgetting of traumatic memories, began with freud, controversial
repression
165
recall of false autobiographical memories
false memory syndrome
166
loss of info from LTM
forgetting
167
sometimes memory loss happens before the actual memory process begins
encoding failure
168
decay of memory over time
transcience
169
extended LT need retrieval cue, no decay, unlimited LTM
no decay
170
lack of attention causes memory failure
absentmindedness
171
use it or lose it, LTM limited
memory decay
172
temporarily blocked memories
blocking
173
remembered correctly but source remembered incorrectly
misattribution
174
false memories incorporated
suggestibility
175
distorted by beliefs
bias
176
inability to forget undesirable memories
persistence
177
conscious memory of a previous personal experience
episodic memory
178
includes racial and gender bias
stereotypical bias
179
involves enhancing our memories of the past (making us seem better)
egocentric bias
180
the tendency to think an outcome was inevitable
hindsight bias
181
old information hinders recall of new info
proactive interference
182
newly learned info hinders recall of old info
retroactive interference
183
conscious repetition of info to be remembered
rehearsal
184
organize info into manageable chunks
chunking
185
think about the meaning of new info and its relationship to knowledge already stored in memory
elaborative rehearsal
186
memory techniques that enhance encoding and storage
mnemonic devices
187
