UNIT 1

Question 1

The immediate, instinctive reaction one has when witnessing someone in distress, essentially a personal response to a plea for help, often characterized as an automatic urge to act without conscious deliberation

Answer 1

The scream

Question 2

When we encounter someone in need, like a ——-, we are forced to confront the reality of another person’s suffering, which can evoke a sense of responsibility and ethical obligation towards them, essentially making us see them as a “person other” than ourselves, not just an object to pass by.

Answer 2

The beggar

Question 3

A sense of duty or a strong need to do something, often implying that the action is not necessarily desired but feels necessary due to external factors like social expectations, responsibility, or potential consequences if not completed

Answer 3

“I have to..”

Question 4

One could call this an experience of contrast. You are shocked because the terrible and terrifying event contrasts so strongly with what
you expect from your fellow humans. The intolerable ought not to be!

Answer 4

“This is intolerable! This isn’t fair!”

Question 5

The word ethics originates from:

Answer 5

The greek word Ethika, having to do with good character

Question 6

Morality comes from

Answer 6

the Latin words Moralities having to do with the customs, habits and manners shaping Human Life.

Question 7

What takes priority over morality?

Answer 7

Ethics

Question 8

Ethics is not the same as..

Answer 8

1. Feelings
2. Religion
3. Cultural norms
4. Science

Question 9

——– guide morality; it gives vision to our action

Answer 9

Ethics

Question 10

Ethics deals with the good that humans strive for, such as …..

Answer 10

Happiness and Freedom

Question 11

Ethics: the “good” is the….

Answer 11

Preservation of life

Question 12

Morality: the law that supports this ethic is…..

Answer 12

“thou shall not kill”

Question 13

The Three Approaches to Ethics

Answer 13

Greek, German, Jewish

Question 14

Aristotles Central Concepts

Answer 14

Teleology, Virtues, The Mean, The Polis

Question 15

Above all else, according to Aristotle, we are intended to be rational.

Answer 15

Teleology

Question 16

“Being a good musician is the end goal of practice” is a relection of which central concept of aristotle

Answer 16

Teleology

Question 17

Having to do with the design or purpose of something; to seek a goal; to reach one’s potential

Answer 17

Teleology

Question 18

Happiness is to develop habits that represent the best of what it means to be human. Aristotle calls these ———– virtues.

Answer 18

(Human) Excellences

Question 19

Aristotle believed we need to maintain balance in our actions is an example of:

Answer 19

The Mean

Question 20

We ought to avoid excess, but not necessarily avoid something completely. A good person would use reason to control desire.

Answer 20

The Mean

Question 21

The Polis (———)

Answer 21

Community

Question 22

Aristotle does not equate ———– with pleasure. Pleasure is only momentary. ——— is an enduring state.

Answer 22

Happiness

Question 23

Individualism
Theoretical Reason
Practical Reason
Three Practical Considerations
Deontology
The First Maxim
The Second Maxim

Answer 23

Kant’s Central Concepts

Question 24

Kant’s ethics is more ———- than Aristotle’s. Ethics is a matter of one’s inner conviction and autonomy.

Answer 24

Individual (Individualism)

Question 25

Kant saw two types of ways of how we come to know things:

Answer 25

1. Theoretical Reason 2. Practical Reason

Question 26

* The area of reasoning by which we come to know how the laws of nature, the laws of cause and effect, govern human behaviour * Kant was very concerned with how humans come to know things * Freedom of choice is not a consideration * Tell us what people actually do

Answer 26

Theoretical Reason

Question 27

* Moves beyond the scientific and empirical knowledge to the moral dimension guiding human behaviour * Humans act on impulse, and also make conscious choices based on principle * Tells us what people should do

Answer 27

Practical Reason

Question 28

(Three Practical Considerations) We need three practical principles (cannot be proved empirically) to pursue the supreme good:

Answer 28

1. God 2. Freedom 3. Immortality

Question 29

The existence of ------ allows us to attain the supreme good

Answer 29

God

Question 30

Greek words meaning “the study of duty.”

Answer 30

Deontology

Question 31

Achieving the supreme good is such an immense task that it is impossible to do in their life alone. Therefore, the quest continues in the afterlife.

Answer 31

Immortality

Question 32

If humans are to achieve the supreme good then they must be able to choose it

Answer 32

Freedom

Question 33

A human action is morally good when it is done for the sake of duty.

Answer 33

Deontology

Question 34

Duty is determined by the principles (-----) according to which we act. An ethical ----- is one in which every ethical person would necessarily act if reason were fully in charge of his or her actions.

Answer 34

Maxims

Question 35

Kant’s most famous maxim:

Answer 35

Universal Law

Question 36

* An action is only ethical if I can “universalize” that action. * To make myself the exception is to act unethically. * Late for a meeting? Don’t run that light unless everyone can run it!

Answer 36

Universal Law

Question 37

* The Face of the other calls me to see him or her as unique * The face of the other calls me to be responsible, to offer hospitality * The face of the other calls me beyond my self-centred concerns

Answer 37

Levinas’ Central Concepts

Question 38

* Western thought tries to lump everyone together as a “being” – difference is accidental * Dangerous: takes away the reality that each person or thing is incredibly unique

Answer 38

The Sameness of Things

Question 39

* To recognize the individual before us is to begin to treat them ethically. * Good is synonymous with God in that there are traces of it everywhere but we never see it in its entirety. * The Ethics of ---------- involves seeing beyond statistics or categories in order to see the human person that stands before you

Answer 39

The Face

Question 40

the right or condition of self-government

Answer 40

Autonomy

Question 41

an action is considered morally good because of some characteristics of the action itself, ot because the product of the action is good.

Answer 41

Deontological Ethics

Question 42

a strong feeling of wanting to have something or wishing for something to happen

Answer 42

Desire

Question 43

a moral or legal obligation or responsibility

Answer 43

Duty

Question 44

moral principles that govern a person’s behaviour or the conducting of an activity

Answer 44

Ethics

Question 45

that which is morally right OR a benefit or advantage to someone or something

Answer 45

Good

Question 46

principles concerning the distinction between right and wrong or good ad bad behaviour

Answer 46

Morality

Question 47

an act or course of action to which a person is morally or legally bound; a duty or commitment.

Answer 47

OBLIGATION

Question 47

a surprising and previously unknown fact, especially one that is made known dramatically.

Answer 47

Revelation

Question 48

theory that derives duty from what is valuable as an end, in a manner diametrically, opposed to deontological ethics.

Answer 48

Teleological Ethics