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4M RELIGION > UNIT 1 cont. > Flashcards

UNIT 1 cont. Flashcards

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1
Q

Define Autonomy

A

The capacity to make an informed, uncoerced decision

Autonomy is often associated with personal independence and self-governance.

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2
Q

Define Beautiful

A

A quality that provides pleasure or satisfaction to the senses

Beauty can be subjective and varies across cultures.

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3
Q

Define Deontological Ethics

A

An ethical theory that emphasizes duties and rules

Deontological ethics focuses on the morality of actions themselves rather than their consequences.

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4
Q

Define Desire

A

A strong feeling of wanting to have something or wishing for something

Desires can influence decision-making and behavior.

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5
Q

Define Duty

A

A moral or legal obligation; a responsibility

Duties are often associated with ethical behavior and societal expectations.

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6
Q

Define Empiricism

A

The theory that all knowledge is derived from sense-experience

Empiricism is a foundational concept in the scientific method.

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7
Q

Define Ethics

A

The branch of knowledge that deals with moral principles

Ethics involves the study of what is right and wrong in human conduct.

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8
Q

Define Good

A

That which is morally right or beneficial

The concept of ‘good’ can vary depending on cultural and philosophical perspectives.

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9
Q

Define Infinite

A

Limitless or endless in space, extent, or size

In philosophy, infinity can relate to concepts of time, space, and existence.

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10
Q

Define Morality

A

Principles concerning the distinction between right and wrong or good and bad behavior

Morality is often guided by cultural, religious, and personal beliefs.

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11
Q

Define Objective

A

Not influenced by personal feelings or opinions; based on facts

An objective approach seeks to remain unbiased and impartial.

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12
Q

Define Obligation

A

A requirement to act in a certain way, often as a result of moral or legal duty

Obligations can arise from contracts, laws, or ethical considerations.

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13
Q

Define Passion

A

A strong, barely controllable emotion

Passion can drive individuals to take action or pursue their interests fervently.

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14
Q

Define Response

A

A reaction to something, often in relation to an action or stimulus

Responses can be emotional, physical, or cognitive.

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15
Q

Define Responsibility

A

The state or fact of having a duty to deal with something or having control over someone

Responsibility often involves accountability for one’s actions.

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16
Q

Define Revelation

A

The act of revealing or disclosing something, often related to divine truth or insight

Revelations can play a significant role in religious and philosophical contexts.

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17
Q

Define Subjective

A

Based on or influenced by personal feelings, tastes, or opinions

Subjective experiences can vary greatly from person to person.

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18
Q

Define Teleological Ethics

A

An ethical theory that bases morality on the outcomes or consequences of actions

Teleological ethics often considers the greater good or utility in decision-making.

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19
Q

What is the distinction between ethics and morality?

A

Ethics refers to a system of principles that guide behavior, while morality refers to personal beliefs about right and wrong.

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20
Q

What are the three focus questions at the beginning of each chapter intended for?

A

They are intended to direct the students’ thinking toward the aims for each chapter.

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21
Q

What should students review as preparation for evaluation activities?

A

Key terms listed in the text.

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22
Q

In the scenario ‘The beggar’, what does the term ‘Other’ refer to?

A

The Other refers to another person who presents themselves as a subject calling for a relationship.

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23
Q

What are the four ways of locating the ethical in you?

A
  • The Scream: The experience of Personal Response
  • The Beggar: The experience of the Other
  • ‘I have to…’: The experience of obligation
  • This is intolerable! This isn’t fair!: The experience of contrast
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24
Q

What characterizes ‘The Scream’ experience?

A

It is an experience that forces you to an awareness of your responsibility.

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25
What does 'The Beggar' experience compel you to do?
It compels you to consider your action in relation to another person.
26
What does the experience of obligation entail?
It involves feeling obliged to obey, often linked to duties imposed by authority figures.
27
Fill in the blank: 'This is intolerable! This isn’t fair!' reflects the experience of _______.
contrast
28
What emotional response is associated with the experience of contrast?
Feeling outraged by blatant injustice or unfairness.
29
What is a potential example discussed in relation to these ethical experiences? (ethical and moral experiences)
The experience of a bully and the bullied.
30
What is the origin of the word 'Ethics'?
Having to do with good ## Footnote Ethics relates to the pursuit of the good, which is not confined or measurable by a definable quantity.
31
What does ethics deal with?
The good that humans strive for ## Footnote This includes concepts like happiness and well-being.
32
What is the origin of the word 'Morality'?
From the Latin word meaning customs, habits, and manners ## Footnote Morality shapes how we behave based on societal norms.
33
What is morality more concerned with?
Ways that humans can behave ## Footnote This includes laws or commandments that we feel obligated to follow.
34
How does morality translate the search for the good?
Into the way we act in our day-to-day lives ## Footnote Morality applies ethical principles to practical situations.
35
What does ethics give to morality?
Meaning ## Footnote Ethics provides a framework for understanding moral actions.
36
How is ethics compared to music theory?
Ethics is like understanding musical theory ## Footnote It involves knowing how to read music and interpret it, while morality is about performing the music correctly.
37
What is the essence of ethics?
The 'good' ## Footnote Ethics focuses on defining and understanding what is good.
38
What is a moral example of an ethical commandment?
'Thou shall not kill' ## Footnote This reflects a moral application of the ethical principle concerning the sanctity of life.
39
Do ethics take priority over morality?
Yes ## Footnote Ethics provides a broader framework that can guide moral decisions.
40
What has shaped human laws and regulations over centuries?
Ethics ## Footnote Laws are often based on ethical principles but can vary significantly.
41
What is an exception to the commandment 'Thou shall not kill'?
Self-defense ## Footnote This situation illustrates that ethics can adapt to specific circumstances.
42
What are laws, norms, and duties considered in ethics?
Contextual ## Footnote They are evaluated in relation to the good they promote.
43
What is one thing ethics is NOT?
Feelings ## Footnote Feelings can mislead ethical choices and do not define what is ethical.
44
Is ethics applicable to non-religious individuals?
Yes ## Footnote Ethics applies universally, regardless of religious belief.
45
How does law relate to ethics?
Law can become ethically corrupt ## Footnote Laws may not always align with ethical standards and can serve narrow interests.
46
What is a limitation of law in relation to ethics?
Law may be slow to address ethical concerns ## Footnote This can hinder progress in important ethical areas.
47
What does the term 'cultural relativism' imply about ethics?
Not all cultures are ethical ## Footnote Cultural practices can sometimes blind societies to ethical concerns.
48
Is ethics based solely on science?
No ## Footnote Science can inform ethics but does not dictate moral actions.
49
What does ethics provide that science does not?
Guidance on how we ought to act ## Footnote Ethics addresses normative questions about human behavior.
50
Can something be ethically permissible even if it is technologically possible?
No ## Footnote Just because something can be done does not mean it should be done ethically.
51
What is the origin of the term morality?
From the Latin word moralitas, relating to customs, habits, and manners shaping human life.
52
What is the main focus of morality?
The ways humans can attain good through rules, laws, or commandments.
53
How does ethics relate to morality?
Ethics guides morality and gives vision to our actions.
54
Fill in the blank: Ethics is like understanding musical theory, while morality is actually _______.
playing music.
55
What is the ethical principle related to the preservation of life?
The good.
56
What law supports the ethic of preserving life?
Thou shall not kill.
57
Do ethics take priority over morality?
Yes, ethics take priority over morality.
58
What does the fifth commandment promote?
The good of life.
59
What is an exception to the commandment 'Thou shall not kill'?
Self-defense.
60
What do laws, norms, and duties need to contribute to?
The good.
61
What is ethics NOT the same as?
Feelings.
62
Why are feelings important in ethical choices?
They provide important information.
63
What is ethics NOT?
Religion.
64
Can ethics apply to non-religious people?
Yes, ethics applies to everyone.
65
What is ethics NOT simply about?
Following the law.
66
Why can law deviate from what is ethical?
Law can become ethically corrupt and serve narrow interests.
67
What is ethics NOT following?
Culturally accepted norms.
68
Provide an example of a culture that was blind to ethical concerns.
The United States before the Civil War regarding slavery.
69
What is ethics NOT?
Science.
70
What role does science play in ethics?
It provides data to help make better ethical choices.
71
What does ethics provide that science does not?
Reasons for how humans ought to act.
72
What are the three approaches to ethics discussed?
Aristotle, Kant, Levinas ## Footnote These approaches represent different ethical frameworks.
73
What does teleology derive from?
Discovering the telos ## Footnote Telos refers to the end or purpose.
74
What is the aim of ethics according to Aristotle?
To discover what is good for us as human beings ## Footnote This involves understanding our purpose.
75
What are humans intended to be according to Aristotle?
Excellent ## Footnote This reflects the idea of achieving the highest potential.
76
What does Aristotle believe the good person bases their actions on?
Excellent reasoning ## Footnote This includes spending time contemplating what is virtuous.
77
What does Aristotle call the habits that represent the best of what it means to be human?
Human excellences ## Footnote These excellences lead to true happiness.
78
How do we become virtuous according to Aristotle?
By continually choosing to do virtuous things ## Footnote This process ingrains virtuous actions into our character.
79
What does Aristotle believe we need to maintain in our actions?
The mean ## Footnote This refers to finding balance in our behaviors.
80
What does Aristotle say about pleasure and happiness?
Pleasure is only temporary; happiness is an enduring state ## Footnote Happiness is the ultimate goal of living.
81
What is Kant’s approach to ethics more focused on compared to Aristotle?
Individualism ## Footnote This emphasizes personal conviction and moral reasoning.
82
What two types of reasoning does Kant identify?
Theoretical Reason, Practical Reason ## Footnote These types guide human knowledge and behavior.
83
What is the focus of theoretical reason according to Kant?
Understanding the laws of nature and cause and effect ## Footnote It governs human understanding.
84
What does practical reason move beyond?
Theoretical and empirical knowledge ## Footnote It guides ethical behavior.
85
What are the three practical considerations Kant believes are needed to pursue the supreme good?
* God * Freedom * Immortality ## Footnote These principles are essential for achieving moral goals.
86
What does deontology mean?
The study of duty ## Footnote This is central to Kant's ethical framework.
87
What is the good will according to Kant?
The will to do our duty for its own sake ## Footnote This reflects true moral action.
88
What do maxims represent in Kant's ethics?
Principles according to which we act ## Footnote They guide moral decision-making.
89
What is the first maxim of Kant's ethical framework?
Universal Law ## Footnote Act in a way that one would want everyone else to act.
90
What is the second maxim of Kant's ethical framework?
Person as an End ## Footnote Never treat humanity merely as a means to an end.
91
What does Levinas argue about Western thought?
It tends to lump everyone together as a 'being' ## Footnote This overlooks individual uniqueness.
92
What is synonymous with the Good according to Levinas?
God ## Footnote Both concepts emphasize uniqueness and transcendence.
93
What does the face of the Other represent in Levinas's ethics?
A call to be responsible ## Footnote It signifies our ethical obligations to others.
94
What is the search for the Good for Levinas?
The central question of philosophy ## Footnote It reflects the quest for deeper meaning.
95
What does the face of the Other call us beyond?
Our self-centered concerns ## Footnote It prompts us to act for the benefit of others.

4M RELIGION (6 decks)

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