Unit 1 Flashcards
(77 cards)
1
Q
Monophyletic
A
ancestor and all of its descendants
2
Q
paraphyletic
A
ancestor and some but not all descendents
3
Q
polyphyletic
A
includes 2 convergent ancestor but not their common ancestor
4
Q
Ancestral
A
(shared by all)
5
Q
Derived
A
(different from ancestral)
6
Q
Apomorphy
A
(derived)
7
Q
Synapomorphy
A
(shared derived)
8
Q
Plesiomorphy
A
(shared with ancestor)
9
Q
Heterochrony
A
- “different time”
- ∆ in gene expression timing
- Body props ∆ w/dev
- Stop development early
- Adult retain juv trait
- Paedomorphosis
10
Q
Heterotopy
A
- “different place”
- ∆ in location of expression
- EX: Webbing between toes
- Absent: Humans
- Present: Aquatic birds/bads
11
Q
Eras w/in Phanerozoic
A
- Paleozoic (ancient)
- Mesozoic (middle)
- Cenozoic (recent)
12
Q
Heterometry
A
- “different measure”
- ∆ in amount of gene product
- EX: BMP and Darwin’s finches
13
Q
- Cambrian (541 mya) explosion
A
in paleo
* Marine algae flourish
* First chordates
14
Q
- Ordovician (485 mya)
A
in paleo
* Invasion of land
* Nonvascular plant
* Jawless fishes appear
15
Q
- Silurian (444 mya)
A
in paleo
* Seedless vascular
* Tree ferns & horsetails
* Jawed fishes appear
16
Q
Devonian (419 mya)
A
in paleo
* “Age of Fishes”
* First insects & amphibians
17
Q
Carboniferous (359 mya)
A
in paleo
* Large insects & flight
* “Age of Amphibians”
* First reptiles
18
Q
Permian (299 mya)
A
in paleo
* Reptiles diversify
* Amphibians decline
* Gymnosperms diversify
19
Q
Mesozoic Era (252 66 mya)
A
- “Age of Reptiles
20
Q
Triassic
A
meso
* First mammals & dinosaurs
* Corals & molluscs dominated
* Gymnosperms dominate
21
Q
jurassic
A
in meso
* First mammals & dinosaurs
* Corals & molluscs dominated
* Gymnosperms dominate
22
Q
Cretaceous
A
in meso
* Placental mammals
* Modern insects
flowering plants dominate
23
Q
Cenozoic Era
A
age of mammals
24
Q
Eocene epoch
A
in ceno
primates appear
25
Miocene (23 mya)
Modern animal groups appear
26
Pliocene (5.3 mya)
* Modern mammal diversification
* Megalodon & Livyatan
27
Pleistocene (2.6 mya)
Ice-age mammal megafauna
28
Holocene (12K Present)
age of humans
29
Metazoan clades
* Bilateria
* Deuterostomia
* Chordata
verbrata
30
Chordate Traits derived characteristics
* Bilateral symmetry
* Triploblastic
* Deuterostomes
* Echinodermata
* Hemichordata
* Chordata
31
Chordate Traits synapomorphies
* Notochord
* Dorsal neural tube
* Postanal tail
* Endostyle
32
Urochordata
Notochord into “tail”
* “Tail chordates”
33
Tunicates and salps
urochordata
* Appendicular & Ascidians
* Tadpole larva
* Tunic of cellulose
* Filter feeders
34
Urochordata traits
* Myomeres lost
* Endostyle Filter feeding
heart heat reversal
35
Cephalochordata
* Notochord into “head”
* “head chordates”
* General chordate traits
36
Lancelets (29 spp.)
Cephalochordata
* “fish-like”
* Burrowers
* Filter feeders
* Shallow marine
37
Cephalochordata traits
* Endostyle Filter feeding
* Myomeres present
allows for movement
38
Vertebrate synapomorphies
* Head
* Muscular pharynx
* Vertebrae
* Tripartite brain
39
Other features of verts
* Cranium
* Head w/senses & brain
* Endocrine glands
* Muscular gut
* Multichambered heart
* Mineralized tissues
* Gills from endoderm
40
Ectoderm
* Outermost
* Epidermis
* Epithelial lining
* Nervous system
41
Endoderm
* Innermost
* Other linings
* Glands of gut
* Respiratory surfaces
* Endocrine glands
* Germ cells & gametes
42
Mesoderm
* Middle layer
* Muscles & skeleton
* Deeper skin & C-Tissue
circulatory and urogenital
43
Coelom (“Body cavity”)
* From mesoderm
* Cushion & connection
* Holds internal organs
* Peritoneum & Pericardium lings
* Mesenteries suspend gut
44
sharks and ceolom
* Pericardial cavity
* Traverse septum
* Peritoneal cavity
* Pericardial anterior Peritoneal
* Heart is anterior
45
Ancestral tetrapods and ceolom
* Early development = shark
* Adults, heart posteriorly
* Peritoneal superior pericardial
* Traverse septum between
* Lung within peritoneal cavity
46
Derived tetrapods and ceolom
* Pleural cavity (lungs)
* Pericardial cavities
* Peritoneal cavity
* Traverse septum + diaphragm
* Aids in respiration
47
Mesoderm Development
* Somitic
* Vertebrae
* Dermis
* Skeletal muscle
* Intermediate
* Kidney ducts
* Gonads
* Lateral plate
* Viscera
* Smooth muscle
* Cardiac muscle
48
Brain development
* Ectoderm
* Neural plate
* Neural tube (1° neurogenic)
* Fore, mid, and hindbrain
49
Neural crest
* Only in vertebrates
* Multipotent
* Migratory
* The 4th germ layer
* Cranial nerves
* Sense organs
* Pigment cells
* secretory cells
50
Four main types of vert tissue
* Epithelial
* Muscular
* Neural
* Connective
51
Mineralized CT
* Collagen + Mineral
* Calcium hydroxyapatite
* Strength & Lightness
* Readily fossilizes
* Bone
* Dermal
* Endochondral
* Perichondral
* Teeth
* Dentine & enamel
52
Integumentary system
* Skin & derivatives
* Dermal bone, teeth, glands
* Scales, feathers, hair, horns
* Protection, BT reg, sensation
53
Skeletal system
* Axial and appendicular
* Protection of organs
* Movement, fat storage
* Production of blood cells
54
Muscular system
* Skeletal (V)
* Smooth & Cardiac (IV)
* Cranial muscles (jaws/eye)
* Axial (segmented myomeres)
55
Nervous system
* Regulate & Integrate
* Help maintain homeostasis
* Cognition
* Chemo-, Photo-, Electro-
* Mechano-, Audition/Balance
56
Endocrine
* Homeostasis
* With Nervous system
* Glands and hormones
* Exocrine (Integ & Dig)
57
Respiratory system
* Ventilation
* Extraction of O2
removal of CO
58
* Circulatory system
* Transport & Regulate
* Blood and respiratory pigments
* Clotting factors, immune cells
* Closed circulation
* Muscular heart varies by class
59
Digestive system
Feeding & Digestion
* Absorption of nutrients
* Elimination of wastes
60
* Excretory & Reproductive
* Water & ion regulation
* Nitrogenous waste excretion
* External vs. Internal fertilization
61
Gills (internal/external)
* 1° & 2° Lamellae
* Operculum
62
Ventilation types
* Buccopharyngeal pump
* Ram ventilation
63
O2 Extraction
* Concurrent flow
* Countercurrent exchange
* Water to Blood flow
64
Air-breathing organs
* Accessory structures
* Includes lungs
* Extract O2 from air
* Respiratory epithelial
* 49 families of fish
65
Gas bladder
* Actinopterygians
* Physostomous
* Physoclistous
66
Loss of gas bladder
* Demersal & Deep-sea
* Vertical migrators (fats)
* Fast swimmers (move)
67
Chondricthyes
* No gas bladder
* Demersal
* Negatively buoyant
* Near surface
* Gulp air (stomach)
* Midwater
68
Olfaction & Gustation in water
* Specialized epithelium
* Nasal sac (lamprey)
* Nare (gnathostomes)
* Sharks & Salmon
69
Audition & Equilibrium in water
* Also uses hair cells
* Sounds travels >H2O
* Unimpeded by objects
* Bounce of thermoclines
* Through body inner ear
* Gas bladder & Weberian app
70
Electroreception
* The sixth sense
* Passive detection
* Electrical fields
71
Excretion
* Protein & Nucleic acid
* Mostly protein digestion
* Deamination
* Produces ammonia
72
Ammonotely
* Excrete ammonia
* Highly toxic
* H2O soluble
* Skin & gills; Urine
* Bony fish
* Aquatic amphibians
73
Ureotely
* Mainly excrete urea
* Requires energy
* Much less toxic
* Elasmobranchs
* Mammals
74
Uric Acid
* Solid/paste
* Reptiles & Birds
75
Cartilaginous fishes osmoreg
* Maintain isosmolal
* With Urea & TMAO
* Gills
* Rectal gland & kidney
76
teolost in marine osmo
* Hyposmolal to SW
* Lose H2O @ gills
* Drink H2O
* Produce [urine]
* Pump out C
77
FW teolost in osmo
* Hyperosmolal to FW
* Take in H2O @ gills
* Produce dilute urine
* Take in salts in diet
* Pump in Cl
