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Zoology > Unit 3 > Flashcards

Unit 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

Temospondyli

A

Ancestor of Lissamphibia

cut vertebrae”
-Separate Vert elements

Through Mesozoic
-Ancestral amphibians
-†Trimerorhachis insignis (9)

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2
Q

Stereospondyli

A

Path to Lissamphibia
-Otic fenestra & tympanum
-Large jaw muscles w/fossae
-Similar life to crocodiles?
-†Cyclotosaurus robustus

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3
Q

Dissorophoidea

A

Path to Lissamphibia
-†Cacops aspidephorus
–Short snouts
–Large eyes & tympanum
-†Gerobatrachus hottoni
–Frog & Sala characters
–Simplified cranial bones
–Similar caudal vert to Liss

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4
Q

Lissamphibia

A

Superorders
Batrachia (frogs and sala)
Gymnophiona (caecilians)

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5
Q

Caudata

A

Salamanders

Traits
Elongate, (4) legs
Walk-trot gait
Paedomorphosis (aq)

Diversity
10 families; 765 spp.
Northern hemisphere
North/Central America
TN > Europe + Asia

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6
Q

Anura

A

Frogs & Toads

Diversity
Highest diversity
50 families; 7350 spp.
Everywhere but Antarctica

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7
Q

Frog Types

A

Short-leg hoppers
Wide-ranging predators
Cover vast distances
Potent chemical defense

Long-leg jumpers/leapers
Sedentary ambush predators
Cryptically colored
Often lack chemical defense

Feeding modes
Aquatic; Suction feeders
Terrestrial; Viscoelastic tongue

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8
Q

Gymnophiona

A

Caecilians
“naked snake”

Diversity
10 families; 215 spp.
Tropical SA, Asia, Africa

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9
Q

Amniote Condition

A

Phylogenetic relations
-Traditional; amniotic egg
-Phylogenetic; fenestrae (hearing hole)

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10
Q

The amniotic egg

A

Extraembryonic membranes
Embryos do not dev. gills
No aquatic larva
Gas is diffused across egg

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11
Q

Temporal fenestrae

A

Post-orbital; “windows”

Number & Arrangement
Synapsids (1; mammals)
Sauropsids
Anapsids (0; turtles)
Diapsids (2; reptiles/birds)

Larger/Diff muscles  bite

Lighter skeleton

Anapsid; none solid
Synapsida; one post-orb
Sauropsida; two post-orb

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12
Q

Soft tissue characters in amniotes

A

Derived
Waterproof skin
Keratinized elaborations
Metanephric kidneys
Costal lung ventilation

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13
Q

Musculoskeletal adaptations in amniotes

A

derived
Development of ankles
-Astragalus
-Calcaneus
Bite force
-Pterygoid
-Pterygoideus muscle
≥2 sacral vertebrae

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14
Q

Ectothermy

A

Internal temp tracks with external temperature

Heat exchange > water (23X)
Water & Dissolved O2 (920X)

Applicable terms
Acclimation; Acclimatization; Adaptation
Behavioral regulation (basking)
Physiological regulation (heart rate)

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15
Q

Endothermy

A

Generate heat internally; maintained around setpoint
Temperature change in air much faster compared to water
Rate of heat flow is diminished compared to water

Homeo-
Birds
Mammals

Regional
Cartilaginous fishes
Bony fishes
Reptiles

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16
Q

Mesothermy

A

May raise body temperature above environment
Can not maintain body temperature outright
Can not capture metabolic heat

Gigantothermy
Large size & large muscles
↑ Body temperature
No overt regulation

Sea turtles
Long migrations
Surface time

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17
Q

Rhynchocephalia & Squamata

A

Orders in the superorder Lepidosaura
Contains:
Predominantly terrestrial
Rhynchocephalia (tuatara)
Lacertilia (lizards)
Serpentes (snakes)

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18
Q

Synapomorphies of Lepidosaurs

A

Skin w/over keratinized scales
Skin is shed (pattern = group)
Traverse cloacal slit
Autonomy plans in caudal vert
Determinate growth (ex Tuats)
Males with bilateral hemipenes

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19
Q

Taurtaras

A

Species in order Rhynchocephalia
“spines on back”
Diverse in Mesozoic
Terrestrials (small)
Marine (larger)

New Zealand
One extant species
Nocturnal; burrowing
Low body temps
Inverts and bird colonies
Jaws w/shearing motion

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20
Q

Squamates – Lacertilia

A

The lizards
80% are small (<20g)
Specialize on small prey
Size range 3 cm  3 m
†Varanus priscus (5m!)

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21
Q

Ecology of Lacertilia

A

Insectivores (sm)
Herbivores (lg)
Carnivores (lg)
Many arboreal
Ballistic tongue

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22
Q

Characteristics of Amphisbaenians

A

Annular rings around body
Integument free from trunk
Move forward/backward
Single median tooth
Strong bite; nippers
Type linked to head morph

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23
Q

Squamates – Serpentes

A

The snakes
Mesozoic w/legs
All extant limbless

Characteristics
Long trunks; short tails
Leglessness (gene ex)
Sonic hedgehog (Shh)
Early w/pelvic girdles
Subterranean lizards
Fossorial snakes
Lost/reduced eyes

Surface dwelling spp.
2nd redevelop of eyes
Fossorial  surface
Many ectomorphs

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24
Q

Synapomorphic Traits of Lissamphibia

A

Permeable, moist skin
Cutaneous gas exchange
Skin gland
Pedicellate/bicuspid teeth
Carnivory
Columella
Sensory papilla
Levator bulbi muscle
Green rods (violet/blue light)

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25
Traits of Anura
Traits Complete metamorphosis Tadpole larval stage Hop, Jump, Leap, Swim, Walk Tibia & Fibula fused Strong pelvis & Zygapos Strong/flexible pectoral Binocular vision
26
Traits of Gymnophiona
Traits 2nd loss of legs Terrestrial/Fossorial Concertina loco (segs) Reduced eyes Annuli line with ribs Retractable tentacle Venomous bite!
27
Animals that are ectotherms
most fishes all amphibians most reptiles
28
Poikilotherms
"ideal" ectotherms (1:1 relationship)
29
Extra embryonic layers of egg
(4) extraembryonic layers Chorion (Pro/GE) Amnion (Pro/Cushion) Allantois (Waste/GE) Yolk sac (nutrients)
30
Embryonic roles of egg
Protection Desiccation Circulation Nutrition Excretion
31
Why is water better than air
↓ Viscosity * ↓ Density * ↓ He-capacity * ↓ He-conductivity * ↑ O2 * ↑ Diffusion
32
Problems with air
increase in Gravity * more Support * Loco * O2 Exchange needs specialization for * Respiration * Circulation need adaptations for h2o loss
33
Thyroxine Activity
Produce by pituitary gland -a neurohormone that stimulates thyroid -initiates metamorphosis
34
Tadpole ecology
specialized relative to adults detrivores and filter feeders herbivores to cannibals
35
Amphibian Respiration
Pulmocutaneous circuit (blood goes to lung and skin to pick up o2) * Respire through skin * Dedicated to skin & lung * Lung ventilation ↑ as Temp ↑
36
Amphibian circulation
* 3-chambered heart * Spongy ventricle ↓ blood and o2 mixing * Lung ventilation * Aorta with spiral valve * O2 blood content changes * Skin (system); Lungs (pulmo) * Alternate respiratory surfaces
37
Amphibian water uptake
* Aquatic; continuous * Terrestrial; Do not drink * Pelvic patch * Highly vascularized *. Absorbs water * Only layer needed * Large bladders * Hyposmotic urine * Reabsorption
38
Preventing water loss in amphibians
Preventing water loss * Evaporation a problem * Decrease permeability * Coat body with lipids * Reflect light ↓loss water conservation pose
39
Slow mover frogs
Contain poisons * Granular glands * From diet * Aposematism * Mullerian mimicry * Some venomous
40
Ambush leaper frogs
Non-poisonous * Cryptic coloration * Hide in plain site
41
Ecological concerns for amphibians
Biodiversity loss * Chytrid fungus * Bd & Bsal bioindicators
42
Costal Ventilation
* Intercostal muscles contract * Rib cage/thoracic cavity involved * Volume change ↓ pressure * Air flows into lungs
43
Conflicting demands of EIM (external intercostal muscles)
due to lateral axial bending seen in sala and lizards -cannot ventilate both lungs, so cannot ventilate while running
44
Dorsoventral flexion
* Mammals * Synergistic move/respire * Viscera helps control volume * Movement enhances respiration
45
How to overcome without dorso
Adv-Sauros (reptiles and birds); One-way air flow syn: tidal air flow and diaphragm
46
Faveolar lung
* Sauropsids * Rigid, non-compliant * Conduction; parabronchi * Exchange; faveoli
47
Parabronchial lungs
* Diapsids, Highly derived * Parabronchi & Air capillaries * Air sacs (reservoirs) * Cross-current flow * Unidirectional through flow * Two breath model
48
Alveolar lungs
* Synapsid, Compliant * Conduction; all else * Gas exchangers; alveoli * Lined with surfactants * Capillary exchange networks * ↑ SA of exchange bidirectional tidal flow
49
Circulatory in turtles and lizards, snakes
3-chambered heart * (2) atria * Partial separation * Muscular ridge * Intracardiac shunting
50
Circulatory of Birds and Mammals
* (4) chambered heart * Complete V-septum * (2) atria and (2) vent * No shunting possible * Convergent w/Crocs * Complete double circ. * Systemic & pulmonary * Deoxy (body)  heart * Oxy (lungs)  heart * Separate pressures * Higher overall pressure
51
Ammonia
* water Ammonia (deamination) * Product of AA catabolism * Water soluble  water * LD50 = 350 mg/kg (liquid)
52
Urea
*land Urea (ammonia is detoxified) * Water soluble  urine * Liver  kidneys * LD50 = 8471 mg/kg (liquid)
53
Uric Acid
reptiles Uric acid (further detoxification) * Partially water-soluble * Excreted as a paste *
54
Sauropsid Excretion (turtles and reps)
Uricotelic (primary) * Also NH3 & Urea * Kidneys * Elongate; lack LoH * Short-loop nephron * Extrarenal salt glands * Moderate Na, Cl, or K all on head
55
Synapsid Excretion
* Ureotelic * Kidney & nephron * Glomerulus * Proximal CT * Distal CT * Loop of Henle * Collecting duct * Countercurrent multiplier * Loop of Henle * Juxtamedullary nephron * Deeper LoH ↑ [urine]
56
Ambush Predators
* Sit-n-wait * High perch * Prey Trails * Caudal lures * Territorial * Oviparity?
57
Widley foraging
* Track via scent * Constant search * Not territorial * Viviparity?
58
Temporal bars in squamates
* Upper (Postorbital & Squamosal) * Lower (Jugal & Quadrate) * Tuatara * Fully diapsid * Two temporal bars * Lizards * Lost lower * Snakes * Lost lower & upper which enhances movement and flexability
59
Opisthoglyphous
* Rear fangs; often grooved * Colubridae * ≥1 enlarged tooth * Birds/lizards; hold prey
60
Proteroglyphous
* Short, erect hollow fangs * Elaphidae * Permanent erect * Many smaller teeth behind
61
Solenoglyphous
Sheathed, foldable hollow fangs * Viperidae * Lie against roof of mouth inject venom deeply
62
venom
* Neuro, cyto, hemotoxic * Hyaluronidase * Cell to cell cons * Phospholipase * Destroy cell membranes * Proteolytic * Breakdown muscle
63
Venom cocktail
* Wide diet (Complex mix) * Narrow diet (Less complex) * Lizards  neurotoxin * Mammals  cytotoxins
64
Antipredation
* Crypsis * Camouflage * Aposematism * Warning coloration * Mimicry * Mimic dangerous
65
Deterrence
* Visual displays * Audible displays * Distance attacks * Escape response
66
* Autotomy
* Caudal * Vertebrae lost * Cartilage replace * Dermal/integumentary * Capillaries constrict * Skin regenerates
67
Venoms & Poisons
* Venomous * With threat displays * Warning coloration * Poisonous? * Food has poison * Asian keelback snake
68
Intersexual selection
* Male displays * Dewlaps * Elaborate Courtship
69
Parental Care
* Protect nests * Brooding
70
Reproduction
* Viviparous * Parental care * Oviparous
71
* Systemic to Pulmonary shunt
* Shunting of blood * Control body temperature * Minimize heat loss at night
72
* Pulmonary to Systemic shunt
* Maximize heat gain * Increased heart rate turtles; submergence trying to avoid preds
73
What bones were modified?
Skull * Vertebral column * Sternum & Ribs * Protect & Support
74
Differences between S and T in skull?
S had many dermal playes T had no supracleithral bone which moved atlas and axis
75
Enhanced differentiation
S; Trun & Caud * R; Cer, Trun, Sac, & Caud *M: Cer, thor, lum, sac and caud
76
S girdles
S; Pectoral girdle * Attach to skull * Jaw movement * Simple muscle * S; Pelvic girdle * Not attached to vert * Anchors fins to body
77
T girdles
T; Pectoral girdle * No skull connection * Body support * No articulation w/Vert * T; Pelvic girdle articulates with vert
78
Lepidosaurs excretion
* Lepidosaurs * Urine ≈ Blood * Unable to concentrate
79
Birds w/ nephrons excretion
* Birds w/nephrons * Urine 2/3X blood * Short + Long LN

Zoology (5 decks)

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