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Zoology > Unit 4 > Flashcards

Unit 4 Flashcards

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1
Q

Turtle shared characteristics

A
  • Retract head into shell
  • Must respire inside a box
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2
Q

Turtle shells

A
  • Β-keratin (sim to crocs/feathers)
  • Form horny scutes
  • Carapace (upper)
  • Plastron (lower)
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3
Q

Head Retraction

A
  • Neck (8 cervical vertebrae)
  • Cryptodira (“hidden neck”)
    • Vertical; (2) ginglymoid joint
    • Map turtle
  • Pleurodira (“side neck”)
    • Horizontal; ball-n-socket
    • Long-necked turtle
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4
Q

Lung ventilation

A

-Costal ventilation impossible
Ribs fused to the shell
-Lung attached to shell (D/L)
Sling; lung (V) to viscera
-Contract muscles (In/Ex)
-Aquatics; pharynx/cloaca GE

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5
Q

Turtle Evolution

A

Rigid ribs & sling muscle
Reduce & lengthened vert
Articulation ∆ (Rib  Vert)
Bones into shell
Loss of teeth; keratinized beak
Neck retraction modifications
Loss of temporal fenestrae
*Not “basal” amniote trait
Well established fossil record

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6
Q

Shell mods show ecology

A
  • Domed  terrestrial
  • Aquatic  low carapaces
  • Ambush  soft shells
  • Swimmers  flippers
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7
Q

Shell modifications

A
  • Plastron hinges
  • Carapace hinges
  • Limbs block holes
  • Greater protection
  • Few predators
  • Alligators & cars
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8
Q

Pluerodira

A

Side-neck turtles
* Necks fold inward
* Low diversity
* Pelomedusidae
* Podocnemididae
* Chelidae

Freshwater habitats
All semi-aquatic

Southern hemisphere
Africa & Madagascar
South America
SA; Australia; New Guinea

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9
Q

Cryptodira

A

¾ of all turtle spp.
No arboreal
No aerial 
Neck retraction in

Dermochelyidae
Leatherback sea turtle
Largest turtle
Reduce shell; flippers

Cheloniidae
Other sea turtles
Worldwide trop/temp

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10
Q

Turtle Reproduction Type

A

All oviparous
* Female excavate nest
* 40-60 day dev
* Low clutch; box turtle
* High clutch; sea turtle

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11
Q

Diapause

A

in turtles
Arrested embr-dev when stressed
* North Side-neck (Aus)

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12
Q

Sex determination in turtles

A

Environ sex determination
Incubation temperature
Type Ia; M@↓T
Loggerhead sea turtle
Type II; F@↑↓ T
Snapping turtle

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13
Q

Sea turtles and migration

A

Sea turtles
* Long distance migrations
* Magnetic fields guide way
* Ocean gyres reduce energy
* Leatherback 7000 miles!

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14
Q

conservation concerns in sea turtles

A
  • Long-lining fishing gear
  • Overharvesting of eggs
  • Roadkill during breeding
  • Artificial lighting
  • Pet trade & invasives
  • Plastic pollution 
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15
Q

Crocodylian Origin

A

Triassic origin
* Small (< 10 kg)
* Terrestrial
some herbavores

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16
Q

Jurassic Diversity

A

Marine forms

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17
Q

Origin to Extant Crocs

A

small to large
terrestrial to semiaquatic

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18
Q

†Sarcosuchus imperator

A

†Sarcosuchus imperator
* “flesh ruler”
* Africa; Early Cretaceous
* 11 – 12 m, 8000 kg
* Dinosaur hunter!

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19
Q
  • †Deinosuchus
A
  • “terrible” alligator
  • NA; Late Cretaceous
  • 10 m, 5000 kg
  • Dinosaur hunter!
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20
Q
  • †Crocodylus thorbjarnarsoni
A
  • Africa; Pliocene/Pleistocene
  • 7.5 m
    early human killer
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21
Q

Crocodylian traits

A
  • Semi-aquatic
  • Ambush predators
  • Ectothermic
  • 4-chambered heart
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22
Q
  • Three extant groups of crocs
A
  • 26 spp
  • NA, SA, Africa, Asia, Aus
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23
Q

Alligators & caiman

A

Upper teeth visible
Sensory organs; head
New World (1 in China)
Fossil record elsewhere

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24
Q

Crocodiles

A
  • Up/Low teeth vis
  • Lingual salt excreta
  • Sensory organs; H/B
  • Old & New World
  • Africa  Americas
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25
Gharial & False Gharial
* Elongated snout * Up/Low teeth vis * Sensory organs; H/B * Southeast Asia * Fish eaters
26
Croc locomotion
* Terrestrial * -Crawl; belly vs. run * -Walk; high walk * -Gallop; crocs, DV flex * Swim; tail sweeps
27
Hunting adaptations in crocs
Narrow snout; fish Broad snout; crusher Homodontic, conical teeth Integumentary Sens Org; pressure 2nd Palate; Separate nasal/oral cavs Extracardiac shunt; diving Drag, drown, and death roll Especially strong “closers”
28
Croc reproduction
All oviparous Nest types Allis, ½C, False Ghars; mounds ½Croc & Ghars; excavators Environmental sex det. Type II ESD F; low & high temps M; in-between Extensive parental care Protect nest/young Carry young in mouth/back Creches; young groups Young distress call
29
Croc Conservation
* Late maturity * Long repro life spans * Hunted for skins * Habitat connectivity * Invasive species * Endocrine disruptors
30
Pterosauria
* “wing lizards” * 1 of 2 flying ornithodirans * Earliest flying vertebrate! * Basal Pterosauria * Small sizes * Long rigid tails * †Sordes * Derived Pterodactyloidea * Larger sizes * Lacked tails/teeth * †Pterodactylus
31
Pterosauria Structure Characters
* Flight convergence * Keel on sternum * Fused thoracic vertebrae * Synsacrum * Pneumatization; thin bones * Large eyes; Dev. balance * Poor olfaction * One-way air * High metabolic rates * Pycnofibers (insulation)
32
Pterosauria Wing Membranes
Cheiropatagium (FW) Propatagium (FW) Cruropatagium (HW)
33
Pterosauria Jaw diversification
* Same niches as birds * Basal; small insectivores * Derived; highly diverse * Long/pointed teeth * Short/large-sharp teeth * Small/sharp * Long/closely set teeth * Long/narrow/pincerlike * Deep skulls/toothless * Broad/interlocking * Terrestrial stalkers?
34
Other facts about Pterosauria
All oviparous Alongside Avialians Wing size ↑ w/time
35
Dinosauria Adaptations
* Erect stance; limbs below body * Post cranial pneumatization * Restricted Metatarsal joint
36
Dinosauria Pelvic adaptations
Acetabulum (articulation) Archosaurs/Crocs/Basal Aveme -Triradiate (pubis, ischium, ilium) Pterosaurs -Ischiopublic plate (Walk/Landing) Dinosauria -Perforated acetabulum (syn) -Unossified hole in pelvis -Ornithischia (bird-hipped) -Saurischia (lizard-hipped)
37
Dinosauria Joints
Restricted MT joint -Efficient loco -Push backward -No twisting
38
Dinosaura Pneu
Post Cranial Pneu Large sauropods Air sacs w/lungs One directional air flow Highly efficient movement Invaded bones Shared w/pterosaurs 2nd lost in ornithischians
39
Ornithischia Time
* Early Jurassic * Late Cretaceous peak
40
Notable characteristics of Ornithischia
* (All) Horny beaks * (2) Tooth batteries * (3) Quadrupedality * Osteoderms in some * Oviparous/Creches
41
Major Suborders of Ornithischia
†Stegosauria †Ankylosauria †Pachycephalosauria †Ceratopsia †Ornithopoda
42
†Stegosauria
“roof reptile” Laurasia 4-pedal herbs 2X row of spines Protection or Heat? Small skull †Kentrosaurus
43
†Ankylosauria
“stiffening reptile” 4-pedal herbs Heavily armored Broad, flat bodies Fused osteoderms Shield-like body covers †Euoplocephalus
44
†Pachycephalosauria
“thick-headed reptiles” 2-pedal herbs Thick head shield Intraspecific combat Low diversity †Prenocephale
45
†Ceratopsia
“horn appearance” 2-ped  4-ped Frill over neck Parietal & squamosal Parrot-like beak Batteries of teeth High diversity †Triceratops
46
Ornithopoda
†Hadrosauridae “bulky reptile” Most speciose Traits Large = 4-peds Horny beak Anterior toothless Soft-tissue crests Bony crests Rear tooth batteries Evolution Tracked with Angios Everywhere (no Africa)
47
Sauropodomorpha
Gigantic herbivores Some smaller existed Derived forms = large Especially heavy †Brontosaurus †Brachiosaurus Functional significance Long necks & tails ↑Cer & Cau Verts Long tail whips Male dominance fights Herbivory Snipping teeth Gastroliths Long digestive tracks
48
Skull considerations of Theropoda
* Lightly built * Strut-like bones * Large temporal fen. * Ziphodont teeth * Puncture-&-pull feed
49
Early evolution of Theropoda
†Herrerasauridae Late Triassic Ziphodont teeth †Coelophysoidea Ontogenetic shifts (food) Furcula (syn after Herr) Mid-Jur divergence Two subclades Ceratosauria Tetanurae
50
†Ceratosauria
A theropoda Traits w/Furcula Reduced forearms Short, deep skulls Gondwana preds Basal examples †Ceratosauridae †Noasauridae †Abelisauridae Evolution Into Cretaceous
51
†Tetanurae
A theropoda “Tension tail” All other & Aves †Megalosauroidea “big lizards” Lt-Jur  Lt-Cret Spinosauridae Widespread †Allosauroidea Apex predators 3-fingered hands Ocular crests †Allosaruidae †Caracharodontosauridae *Abelisaurids replaced
52
Tetanurae
†Tyrannosauroidea Early; sm/long apps Lt-Jur to Ea-Cre Late; lg size/deep skulls Tyrannosauridae Lt-Cret radiation †Compsognathidae Small-bodied theros †Compsognathus Similarity w/Arch †Sinosauropteryx
53
Tetanurae
†Ornithomimosaurs “bird-mimic lizards” Cursorial species Long neck; small skull Covered in feathers NA & Mongolia †Ornithomimidae †Maniraptorans “hand robber” Dinos  Aves Marked writs motility Dietary diversity † Therizinisauridae †Dromaeosauridae
54
Theropod Ecology
Predator communities Mammals; wide-range Theropods; missing mid-size Ontogenetic shifts 500X growth (H  J  A) Body proportions Skull & teeth Young ≠ Adult life history Limit intraspecific comp
55
Theropod Reproduction
Oviparous Parental care likely
56
Two Groups of Aves
Paleognathae (old-jaw) Neognathae (new-jaw)
57
Neognathae Superorders
Galloanserae Columbimorphae Mirandorithes Strisores Gruae Aequornithes Coraciimorphae Musophagimorphae Strigimorphae Accipitrimorphae Psittacimorphae Passerimorphae
58
Paleognathae
“inflexible palate” So called “old jaw” Similar to theropods Vomer is large Mostly flightless Examples Cassowaries & Emus Kiwis Rheas Ostriches Tinamous (fly)
59
Neognathae Traits
Flexible Palate * Intracranial joints * Bill flexes upward
60
Galloanserae Examples
* Ground-dwelling fowl * Chickens * Quail * Megapods * Semi-aquatic waterfowl * Ducks * Geese * Swans
61
Neoaves (Modern Birds) Clade Traits
* Tertiary diversify * Big toe reversal * Skull mods
62
Passerea  Clade Telluraves
Core landbird clade
63
Basic biology of Feathers
Bet-keratin Pterylae Feather follicles Apteria Unfeathered patches
64
Anatomy of feathers
Calamus; anchor Rachis; long extension Barbs; side branches Barbules; smaller offshoots Hooklets; connect barbules Vane; flexible connnection
65
Vane
Pennaceous; present Plumulaceous; absent
66
Contour feathers
Pennaceous Outermost of body Remiges & Rectrices Primaries & Secondaries Flight feathers
67
Down feathers
Plumulaceous Lack vane; No rachis Mainly insulation
68
Semiplumes
Intermediate Con-Dow With rachis; no vane Insulation & streamlining
69
Filoplumes
Fine, stiff, hair-like Short barbs at tips Connect to contour Sense/adjust contour
70
Bristles
Stiff rachis Around eyes/nostrils Prevent foreign particles
71
Traits required for Powered Flight
Small, light body Asymmetrical pen-fea Leg bon/mus for TakeO Wing bon/mus for PowS
72
Exaptation
Trait is already available Traits new/add function Through evolution EX; bird feathers Early feathers (insulation) Avian feathers (flight)
73
Wings preceded flight
From the trees down Gliding no flapping Horizontal distance increases Tree  ground; Tree  Tree From the ground up Aid with cursorial nature Wing-assisted incline running Wings used to ascend steep slopes
74
Avemetatarsalia Evolution
* Clade of archosaurs * The “bird feet” * superClass: Archosauromorpha * SuperOrder: Archosauria * Triassic Split * Jurassic radiation
75
Left after triassic extinction?
* Pterosauria * Dinosauria * Aves
76
Synapomorphy (almost) of Avemetatarsalia
* Decoupled fore- & hindlimbs * -Elongated hindlimbs * -Bipedalism * -Quad to Bi * Based solely on fossils * Constantly changing
77
Triassic Origin/Radiation of Avemetatarsalia
†Teleocrater -Quadrupeds Orthodira (Bird necks) -Cervical ≠ Trunk Pterosauromorpha -†Lagerpeton -†Kongonaphon kely Pterosauria
78
Dinosauria
Mid-Tri origin Jur radiation Cret domination Largest land verts -Ornithischia -Sauropodamorpha -Theropoda
79
Other reptilian taxa in Avemetatarsalia
Pterosaurs Ichthyosaurs Mosasaurs Plesiosaurs Crocodylians
80
Emergence of Avialans
Mosaic evolution Many intermediate forms Indep evo of body parts Feathers but no flight Flight, beaks with teeth
81
†Archaeopteryx
Imporant for evol of birds Discovered in 1860 Origin of Species (1859) “ancient wing” Dinosaur & Bird characters More 1876 & 2014 Basal Avialae; Lte.Jurassic
82
Basal avialan diversification
†Jeholornis (non-powered flight) †Confuciusornis (w/pygostyle)
83
Enantiornithes
Bird ancestor “opposite bird” Early Cretaceous Skeletal changes Powered flight †Yuanchuavis
84
Ornithurae
Bird ancestor “bird tail” Late Cretaceous Plow pygostyle Fan-like tail feathers Arboreal to Swimmers
85
Availan characters in regards to mosaic evolution
†Compsognathus (outgroup) †Archaeopteryx †Confuciusornis Cardinalis Furcula (Anteroventral (Com) ---> posteroventral No flight fea (Com) --> flight feathers Long tails (Com-Arch) --> short/pygo (Con-Car) Teeth (Com-Arch) --> beaks (Con-Car)
86
Avian Features
Fusion of wrist-fingers & ankle-toes Paedomorphic skull & enlarged brain Short tail; anterior direct femur Highly modified pectoral girdles/forelimbs Synsacrum Hindlimbs with fusions; digitigrade posture
87
Paravians
Most cursorial/terrestrial Graceful flight not needed Enhanced agility
88
Weight Reduction for flight
Maximum body size Power scales by 2.25 2.25 times weight Imposes limit on flight All spp w/similar shape
89
Skeletal modifications for weight reduction for flight
Flight and Bipedalism Pneumatic skeleton Especially light skull Legs are heavier Bipedalism = all weight Fusions, reductions, and loss
90
Fusions of bones for flight
Synsacrum; Vert & Pelvis Pygostyle; Caudal verts Carpometacarpus; FL -Carpels + metacarpals Tibiotarsus; HL -Tipia + tarsal (ankle) bones Tarsometatarsus; HL -Tarsals + metatarsals
91
Keel
flight muscle attach Flightless spp w/o keel Pectoralis major; downstroke Supracoracoideus; upstroke
92
Aspect ratio of wing shape
Length/width Infers flying speed Long/Narrow; High AR Short/Broad; Low AR
93
High-speed wings
Speed + control Feed in flight Long distance migrations
94
Elliptical wings
Short + broad Maneuverability
95
High aspect ratio wings
High lift to drag ratios Dynamic soaring (Vert air)
96
Slotted high-lift wings
Broad + Interm AR Static soaring (Horz air)
97
Wing loading
Weight/total wing area ↑ greater lift Linked with flight type

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