Unit 5 Flashcards
(73 cards)
1
Q
Synapsid
A
“together, loop arch”
2
Q
Synapsid Traits
A
- Synapsid; Carboniferous
- Mammal; Jurassic
- Single temporal fenestra (TF)
- Radiated b4 diapsids
- Large (>500 kg); Triassic
- Small (< 1kg); Jurassic
3
Q
Fenestra & Muscles of Synapsids
A
- Small TF & Postorbital bar
- Smaller temporalis muscle
4
Q
Fenestra & Muscles of Mammals
A
- Larger TF with orbital
- Zygomatic (Zygo) arch
- Larger temporalis under Zygo
Stonger closing bite!
5
Q
Basal synapsids Traits
A
- Nostrils; Anterolateral
- Eyes; Laterally facing
- Middle ear cavity; None
- Dentary +more bones
- Homodontic teeth
- No occipital condyles
6
Q
Therian mammal Traits
A
- Nostrils; Forward
- Eyes; Forward/Side
- Prominent middle ear cavity
- Dentary +processes (one bone)
- Masseter muscle
- Heterodontic teeth
occipital condyles
7
Q
†Caseasauria
A
- Basal synapsid
- Carboniferous
- Lizard-like predators
- Larger herbivores
- †Cotylorhnchus
8
Q
Eupelycosauria
A
basal synapsid
* Long, narrow snouts
9
Q
Five subclades of Synapsids
A
- Eupelycosauria
- Therapsida
- Cynodontia
- Probainognathia
- Mammaliformes
mammalia
10
Q
Eupelycosauria
A
subclade of syn
* Similar to monitors
* Sprawling posture
* Small fenestra
* †Varanosaurus
* †Dimetrodon spp.
* Dorsal sails
11
Q
Therapsids
A
subclade of syn
* Upright posture
* Enlarged fenestra
* Heterodontic teeth
* Forelimb
* Diverse in Permian
* †Biarmosuchus
†Gorganops
12
Q
Cynodontia
A
subclade of syn
* Late Permian
* Miniaturization
* Lost by end of Permian
* Dentary & Masseter
* †Thrinaxodon
13
Q
Probainognathia
A
subclade of syn
* Survived into Triassic
* Egg-layers
* Highly sensitive snouts
* †Kayentatherium wellesi
14
Q
Mammaliaformes
A
subclade of syn
* Mass <30g
* Larger brains
* Mastication possible
†Morgancudon
15
Q
Synapomorphies in Mammals
A
- Lactation & Care for young
- Squamosal-dentary joint
- High frequency sounds
16
Q
Lower Jaw & Middle Ear in Basal Syn
A
- Dentary w/other bones
- Joint = quadrate & articular
- Rigid ear bones = low freq
- Small fenestra = weaker bite
17
Q
Lower Jaw & Middle Ear in Derived mammal
A
- Only dentary w/projections
- Joint = squamosal & dentary
- Mobile ear bones = high freq
- Definitive Mammal Middle Ear
larger fenetra = stronger bite
18
Q
Teeth in Basal Syn
A
- Polyphyodonty
- Cheek teeth similar
- Isognathy
- Chew up & down
19
Q
Teeth in Derived mammals
A
- Diphydonty
- Premolars & Molars
- Anisognathous
- Rotary chewing
20
Q
Palate & Tongue in Basal Syn
A
- Only primary palate
- breath OR respire
21
Q
Palate & Tongue in Derived Mammals
A
- Hard & soft palate
- Seal #1; Tongue to Soft Palate
- Seal #2; Epiglottis over glottis
- Not in humans
breath AND respire
22
Q
Monotremes
A
- “one hole”; Cloaca
- Adults lack teeth
- Egg layers
- Low metabolic rates
- Insufficient yolk
- Five pairs of sex chromosomes
23
Q
Pectoral girdle of Monotremes
A
- Lacks cleithrum
- Flat scapula/clavicle/interclavicle
- Similar to Basal Synapsids
- Changes in stance
24
Q
Pelvic girdle of Monotremes
A
Ilium radiates outward
Ilium orientation forward
Linked with change in stance
25
Ornithorhynchidae
Monotremes/Prototheria
* “bird beak”
* Platypus
* Semiaquatic
* Australia & Tasmania
* Macroinvertebrates
26
Tachyglossidae
Monotremes/Prototheria
* “swift tongue”
* Echidnas
* Terrestrial
* New Guinea & Australia
* Termites and ants
27
Amniotes (Therian Traits)
* Gestation; Embryo --> Fetus
* Placenta; Embryo & Mother
* Marsupials (M); shell coat
* Placentals (P); no shell coat
28
Bounding & Running (Therian Traits)
HL (jump) FL (land)
No coracoid & interclavicle
Reduced clavicle
Scapula = added limb
Elbow & ankle hinges
Epipubic bones
M (Yes) & P (No)
Prevent running (thylacine)
Limit fetal growth
29
Emergence of Therian
* M; Late Cretaceous
* P; Early Cretaceous
30
Basal Therians
* Marsupials
* †Sinodelphys
* †Sparassodonts
* †Thylacosmilus
* Eutherian
* †Eomaia
31
Marsupials Dentition
* 50 teeth
* Many incisors
* Lack auditory bulla
32
Placentals Denitition
<40 teeth; Diphyodontic
Fewer incisors
With Auditory bulla
33
Didelphimorphia
* Didelphidae; 100 spp
* New World opposums
* Sm to Med predators
* Virginia opossum
* Water opossum
34
Vombatiformes
* Vombatidae; 3 spp.
* Wombats & Koala
* Australia
* Terrestrial grazers
* Arboreal herbivores
* †Thylacoleo
35
Order Petauroidea Macropodiform
36
Petauroidea
* Petauridae; 11 spp.
* Possums & Gliders
* Australia
* Omni- & Insectivores
* Sugar glider
37
Macropodiformes
* Macropodidae; 67 spp.
* Kangaroos & Wallabies
* Australia & New Guinea
* Hopping herbivores
* Red kangaroo
* †Sthenurinae
38
Eutheria
“placental” mammals
39
Overall diversity of Eutheria
* 4 Superorders
* Afrotheria
* Xenathra
* Euarchontoglires
* Laurasiastheria
* 19 orders
* ~4000 spp.
40
Afrotheria geography
Endemic African
* Isolated evolution
* Africa to Eurasia
* ~17mya
* Lions & Giraffes
* Primates (endemic)
41
Hyracoidea
Order in Afrotheria
* Hyraxes; 5 spp.
* Rodent-sized herbs
* Specialized pads
* Arboreal/Terrestrial
* Good climbers
42
Order Sirenia
In Afrotheria
* Fully aquatic; herbs
* Dugongs; 1 sp
* Indo-West Pacific
* Manatees; 3 spp.
* NA, SA, & Africa
43
Proboscidea
In Afrotheria
* Elephants; 3 spp.
* Asia & Africa
* Largest terrestrial mammals
* Herbivores
* Longest gestation; 22 months
44
Origin of Xenathra
South America origin
Until Isolated; Great American Biotic Exchange
45
Pilosa
In Xenartha
* 3-toed sloths; 4 spp.
* CA & SA
* 2-toed sloths; 2 spp.
* CA & SA
* Anteaters; 3 spp.
* CA & SA
46
Cingulata
In Xenartha
Armadillos; 7 spp.
SA to NA
Omnivores
Diggers & invertebrates
47
Rodentia; 2250 spp.
Of Euarchontoglires
* 42% of all mammals
* “Gnawing”
* Omnivores & Herbivores
* (5) suborders
* Beaver, Rats, Squirrels
48
Lagomorpha
Of Euarchontoglires
* All 2/1 dental formula
* Peg tooth to cut vegetation
* Rabbits & Hares
* Quadrupedal jumpers
* Herbivores
* Eastern cottontail
49
Laurasistheria definition
Laurasian beasts”
Molecular data
50
Eulipotyphla
In Superorder Laurasistheria
Shrews; 385 spp.
Voracious omnivores
High metabolic rates
Venomous bite!
51
Chiroptera
In Superorder Laurasistheria
Bats; ~1400 spp.
5 Suborders; 25%
2 – 1500 grams
Flying mammals
Nearly global distribution
Important insectivores
Pollinators (avo, man, ban)
52
Perissodactyla
Odd-toed undulates
53
Perissodactyla examples
Horses, asses, zebras
1 toe; 12 spp.
Grazing herbivores
Rhinoceroses
3 toes; 5 spp.
Large, horned herbs
Tapirs;
3 toes; 4 spp.
CA & SA herbivores
54
Artiodactyla
Even-toed undulates
Pigs (18 spp, Omni/Herb)
Hippos (2 spp., Herbs)
Camels/llamas; (7 spp, Herbs)
Antelope, sheep, cattle
143 spp., Herbivores
Deer, elk, moose
50 spp., Herbivores
Giraffes (5 spp, Herbs)
55
Artiodactyla --> Cetaceans
Terrestrial ancestor
†Pakicetus
†Ambulocetus
†Basilosaurus
†Livyatan melvillei
Orcinus orca
56
Mysticeti
Of Artiodactyla
(3) families
Baleen whales
Suspension feeders
57
Odontoceti; 73 spp.
Of Artiodactyla
(10) families
Toothed whales
Carnivores
Apex predators
58
Carnivora
Wolves, foxes, dogs
34 spp. (Carns/Omns)
Skunks & stink badgers
12 spp. (Omns)
Weasels & badgers
66 spp. (Carns)
Bears
8 spp. (Omns)
Raccoons
13 spp. (Omns)
Cats
42 spp. (Carns)
Mongooses
34 spp. (Carns)
Hyenas
4 spp. (Omns)
59
Pinnipedia
Suborder
Aquatic
Finn-footed mams
Sea lions (15 spp.)
Ears/furry/walk
Seals (19 spp.)
No ears/fur/walk
Walrus (1 sp.)
Antarctic only
60
NA Ice-age Herbivores
Perissodactyla
Broad-footed horses
Stilt-legged horses
Cingulata
Glyptodon
Proboscidea
Mastodons
Mammoths
Pilosa
Giant ground sloth
Artiodactyla
Camels
61
NA Ice-age Carnivores
Ursidae
Short-faced bear
Canidae
Dire wolf
Bone-crushing dogs
Felidae
American cheetah
American lion
†Hyaenodontidae
Hyaenodon
62
Homodontic Teeth
Odontocetes
63
Heterodontic Teeth
Artio & Periss
Carni & Rod
64
Cusps & feeding
Sharp cusps; cutting
Rounded; pulping
Bunodont; omnivores
Lophodont; grinding
Hypsodont; high cusp
65
Limbs & movement
Long-out levers
Speed
Horses
Short-out levers
Power
Armadillo
66
Distal limb bones
Plantigrade
Foot & Heal (feet)
Digitigrade
Phalanges (toes)
Unguligrade
Phalange tip (toenails)
Unguis & Subunguis
Slow Cursorial
67
Metatheria
(Didelphimorphia) in GA
Virginia Opossum
* Native range
* Eastern coast
* Gulf of Mexico
* Midwest below SD
* Ecology
* Jack & Jill
* 12-14 day gestation
* Up to 13 joeys
* Good swimmers
* Omnivorous
68
Eutheria (Afrotheria) in GA
Sirenia
* Florida Manatee
* Sub-species W.I.
Native Range
* Gulf of Mexico
* FL RI
* Ecology
* Voracious herbivores
* Coastal waters
* Overwinter in FL
* Watercraft collisions
69
Eutheria (Xenarthra) in GA
Cingulata
* Nine-banded Armadillo
Native Range
* SA NA
* Continues northward
Ecology
* Diggers/burrowers
* Invertivore
* 4 identical quadruplets
* Right response
* ↑ 20% carry leprosy
70
Eutheria (Euarchontoglires) in GA
Rodentia
* Allegheny woodrat
* American beaver
* Bog lemming
* Deer mouse
* Eastern chipmunk
* Eastern gray squirrel
* Fox squirrel
* Groundhog
* Muskrat
* Southern flying squirrel
* Meadow jumping mouse
* Meadow vole
* White-footed mouse
71
Eutheria (Euarchontoglires
cont.) in GA
Lagomorpha
Eastern cottontail
Most common in GA
Crepuscular/widespread
Marsh rabbit
Semi-aquatic/lowlands
Coprophagy/cecal pellets
Appalachian cottontail
Mountains above 3000ft
Associated with fire
72
Eutheria (Laurasiatheria) in GA
Carnivora
American black bear
Weasels
American mink
Short-tailed weasel
Long-tailed weasel
River otter
Canids
Coyote
Red fox
Gray fox
Bobcat
Skunks
Spotted skunk
Striped skunk
Racoon
Nocturnal
Sensitive to touch
Omnivorous
Dexterous hands
Baby kits
73
Eutheria (Laurasiatheria cont.) in GA
Eulipotyphla
Short-tailed shrew
Eastern mole
Starnose mole
Chiroptera
Northern long-eared bat
Silver-hair bat
Big brown bat
Eastern red bat
Seminole bat
Evening bat
Hoary bat
