Unit 1 Flashcards by Jennifer Self

List the characteristics of scientific methodology

Materialism 2. Empiricism 3. Logic

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Holds that natural phenomena are governed by natural laws and that these laws impart a predictability or regularity to these phenomena. Furthermore, these laws remain in force in all places and at all times (they are generally applicable) and can be observed, evaluated and therefore, understood.

Materialism

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Careful observations and data collection of natural phenomena to document and explain how the natural world operates

Empiricism

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Rules of reasoning that allow one to discern truth. There are two approaches in logic: deductive reasoning (that a more general premise leads to a specific outcome or conclusion) and inductive reasoning (a specific observation or set of observations are generalized and therefore said to apply much more broadly).

Logic

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List the steps (in order) of the scientific method

Initial observation 2. Formulate a hypothesis 3. Experimental design 4. Data collection 5. Data analysis 6. Present the results 7. Peer review 8. Publication

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When forming a hypothesis it must be…

Testable, falsifiable and have a predictive value

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Null hypothesis

No significant difference (Ho)

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Alternate hypothesis

Significant difference (HA)

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An experimental group that has not been manipulated

Control group

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An experimental group that has one variable that has been changed.

Treatment group

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When establishing an experimental design what must be considered

Establish groups - control - treatment Assumptions (simplicity vs realism) Feasibility Cost Duration Ethical considerations Replication

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English physician (1797-1875) that Believed in Intelligent design and compared creation to the inner workings of a watch.

William Paley

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Refers to the overall structure or design

Morphology

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Structure of an organism in finer detail. Primarily the arrangement of cells and tissue types

Anatomy

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A science that is a comparative endeavor

Biology

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Noting similarities and differences between organisms

Comparative morphology and anatomy

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The concept that allows one to make comparisons between organisms. Refers to a correspondence or equivalent of structures

Homology

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A theoretical construct designed to emphasize common elements in a diverse set of organisms. (do not actually exist in nature)

Archetype

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A body plan or ground plan

Bauplan

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English anatomist/morphologist (1804-1892) who coined the term homology (Homology / analogy) “…the same structure under every variety of form and function…”

Richard Owen

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What parameters are similarities in homology based on?

Mature structures 2. Position with the body of the organism 3. Developmental patterns 4. Similar functions (?)

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Species with same ancestry with same structures that may look different are

Homologous

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Parallel / convergent evolution; species with different structures that appear very similar due to the organisms change in its environment

Analogous

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The modern basis for classifying organisms is degree of evolutionary relatedness / relationships

Phylogenetic systematics (cladistics)

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Man who introduced The principles of geology (uniformitarianism) (1797-1875)

Charles Lyell

Man who showed concerned with exponential population growth (1766-1834) "...misery and vice..."

Thomas Robert Malthus

Geometric growth

Exponential growth

Graph that represents exponential growth where the population begins to to even out when it reaches the carrying capacity.

Sigmoid growth curve

Growth rate maximal growth rate and carrying capacity are represented by what

r - growth rate rmax - maximal growth rate k - carrying capacity

When birth rate equals death rate

Zero population growth

French naturalist who believed - goal oriented evolutionary change - spontaneous generation - favorable characteristics through use/disuse are passed to the offspring

Jean-Baptiste de Lamark

Coined the term "survival of the fittest"

Hubert Spencer

English naturalist who wrote the origin of the species, and determined natural selection as the mechanism for species change

Charles Darwin

English naturalist who originally came up with a similar idea of natural selection. Charles Darwin discussed his findings and they presented them together.

Alfred Russell Wallace

Darwinian natural selection

1. Variation in population 2. Physical differences associated with differences in reproductive success (fitness) 3. Populations grow beyond the environment capacity to support them 4. Competition ensues (Intraspecific and interspecific) 5. Differential reproduction and survival of so-called "favored" variation

What are the two mechanisms of evolutionary change

1. Natural selection (non-random) 2. Genetic drift (random)

A graph that is bell shaped signifies what

Normal distribution

When a species fitness favors one of the extremes and the bell shifts right or left on a graph. Same shape, different position

Directional selection

When a species fitness favors the majority and the bell on a graph stays in the same position but has a different shape.

Stabilizing selection

When a species fitness favors both extremes, graph represents a different shape and bimodal position

Disruptive selection

German Naturalist/Zoologist - Described many new species of invertebrates; emphasized that developmental patterns revealed evolutionary history; coined the terms phylum, phylogeny and ecology.

Ernst Haeckel

English Zoologist/Anatomist/Educator - An eminent comparative anatomist and evolutionist; presented persuasive arguments for evolution in a debate with the Anglican bishop Samuel Wilberforce (1860); coined the term agnostic to describe his own religious sensibilities.

Thomas Henry Huxley

Swiss Paleontologist and Geologist - A renowned comparative anatomist and morphologist who specialized in fish systematics and taxonomy; studied the influence of glaciers and ice sheets on geologic formations; founded the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard University; a creationist who adhered to the idea of a Biblical Genesis.

Louis Agassiz

American Botanist and Taxonomist - Documented and classified the North American flora; a friend and close colleague of Darwin .

Asa Gray

English Zoologist/Evolutionary Biologist - Helped to develop the modern synthesis in biology;coined the terms clade, grade and (ecological) cline (a spectrum of variation in a species associated with its’ geography).

Julian Huxley

This combines Darwinian natural selection and population genetics

The Modern Synthesis in Biology

Developed the cladistic method, also known as phylogenetic systematics

Willi Hennig

Any describable feature or attribute of an organism

Taxonomic Character

A particular form or expression, one among several, for a given character. (needs to be at least two)

Character states

What are two Character types

* Qualitative * Quantitative

States or catagories are created through the use of mutually exclusive, discriptive words or less often phrases

Qualitative

States are defined through measurements; a numericle value

Quantitative

\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ is a quantitative state where the measure for each state can take on only certain values, such as whole numbers.

Discontinuous

\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ is a quantitative state where the measure for a state can, in theory, take on any (decimal/fractional) value.

continuous

Transformation series between ancestral and derived species can be listed in what three ways

1. Unordered character state 2. Ordered character state 3. Polarized character state

When the character states between species are the same even though they have different numbers they are considered \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 2 premolars\<-----3 premolars\<--------4 premolars

Transformational Homologs

When there is an equivalence even though numbers dont match it is \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_

Taxic Homologs

A species that is ancestral is known as \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_

plesiomorphic

A species that is derived is known as \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_

apomorphic

A “summary” data table containing all of the character and character-state information with the former listed along the top and taxa (often but not always species) listed along the (left) side.

Character by Taxon Data Matrix

In a Character by Taxon Data Matrix the ancestral state is always represented by a \_\_\_\_\_\_

A computer program is used to compare DNA; This shows similarities and differneces between different species DNA

Sequence alignment

When one letter in a DNA sequence is changed it is called \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_

nucleotide substitution

When a one letter in a DNA nucleotide is changed; it changes from a purine to a purine or pyrimidine to a pyrimidine.

transition

When a one letter in a DNA nucleotide is changed; it changes from a purine to a pyrimidine or vica versa.

transversion

The loss or gain of nucleotides When it is unknown whether there was a loss or gain it is called \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_

Insertion/deletion, indel

The non coding part of a gene

intron

the coding part of a gene

extron

Characters in which the derived state is found in only one taxon; used for defining or diagnosing taxon but not used to construct relationships

Autopormorphic

Characters in which there are more than two states

Multistate Character

Characters in which there are only two states

Binary Characters

Taxa, usually species, that a researcher studies. The whole point of a cladistic analysis is to determine the relationship among members

Ingroup Taxa

Taxa used to polarize character states with end result being the root of the tree. (0 Character state)

Outgroup Taxa

shows a nesting of groups

Venn Diagram

An unresolved tree or bush

polytomy

Describe a node and internode in a cladogram

* Node - represents a speciation event * Internode - area between nodes where changes are labeled for the speciation event

A group of organisms that includes a common ancestor and **all** of its descendents

monophyletic

A group of organisms that includes **some** of the descendants of a common ancestor but not all of them

Paraphyletic

A group of organisms that include representatives drawn from two or more different lineages. groups are typically created when analogous structures, resulting from convergent evolution, are misinterpreted as true homologies.

Polyphyletic

derived from a 17th-century philosopher named William of Ockham and has come to be known as “Ockham’s Razor.” What it says is that when we are faced with “competing” explanations for observable phenomena we select the one that makes or requires the fewest assumptions - we prefer the simplest, most succinct or direct scenario because that is the one that has the greatest probability of being correct.

Parsinomy

a character shared by a set of species but not present in their common ancestor

homoplasy

Unit 1 Flashcards

(81 cards)