Unit 4 Flashcards
(144 cards)
1
Q
This group of organisms are parasitic on Arthropods but develop into free living adults that do not feed.
A
Nematomorpha
2
Q
Group of nematomorpha that is parasitic to terrestrial arthropods.
A
Gordiids
3
Q
Group of nematomorpha that are parasites on marine crustaceans
A
Nectonematids
4
Q
What three systems are lost in Phylum Nematomorpha
A
Excretory, circulatory and respiratory
5
Q
Do members of phylum Nematomorpha express cephalization
A
No, they have no distinct head
6
Q
How do members of Nematomorpha reproduce
A
They are dioecious meaning they reproduce sexually
7
Q
Are members of Phylum Nematomorpha acoelomates, pseudocoelomates or eucoelomates
A
Pseudocoelomates- they do not have a true body cavity
8
Q
Rotifers are _________ meaning that all adults possess the same number of cells.
A
Eutelic
9
Q
Are Rotifers acoelomates, pseudocoelomates or eucoelomates
A
Pseudocoelomates
10
Q
Some Rotifers produce a shielding plate structure called a ___________
A
Lorica
11
Q
In the Phylum Rotifer _____________ is practiced; meaning in some instances an underutilized egg can develop into a new individual.
A
Parthenogenesis
12
Q
Are Rotifers generally monoecious or dioecious
A
Dioecious but they are able to reproduce both sexually and asexually
13
Q
What type of epidermis is located under the cuticle of a Rotifer
A
Syncytial (multinucleate) epidermis
14
Q
Rotifers exhibit cryptobiosis, what does this mean?
A
It is an ametabolic state that they can enter into during harsh environmental conditions. During this state all metabolic process stop, preventing reproduction, development and repair. Once the environment reaches a stable state the organism will rehydrate and resume its metabolic processes.
15
Q
This distinctive feature on a Rotifer is used for feeding and located near the mouth
A
Ciliated tufts
16
Q
This distinctive feature of a Rotifer is like a pharynx structure
A
Mastax
17
Q
This distinctive feature on a Rotifer is located in the neck , it is the first step in digestion and grinds the food up.
A
Trophi (jaw like)
18
Q
This distinctive feature of a Rotifer is used for attachment
A
Toes
19
Q
The digestive tract in a Rotifer is mouth to anus meaning what?
A
It is a complete digestive tract
20
Q
Arthropods exhibit ___________ because they have functional clusters called ___________
A
Metamerism, tagmata
21
Q
What type of circulatory system can be found in Arthropods
A
Open circulatory system
22
Q
What are some features that Arthropods have
A
Ecdysis- molting Metamorphosis Paired jointed appendages Chitinous exoskeleton Tagmata
23
Q
What are the the 4 subphyla of Arthropoda
A
Subphylum Chelicerata Subphylum Crustacea Subphylum Myriapoda subphylum Hexapoda
24
Q
What types of antennae do hexapods have
A
Olfactory - smell Auditory - sound Tactile - touch
25
Multiple compound eyes found in Subphylum Hexapoda
Ommatidium
26
What is the first tagmata in a hexapod and what structures are found there
Head - salivary glands, pharynx, esophagus, pair of antennea, mouth parts, ommatidium (eyes)
27
What is the second tagmata in a hexapod
Thorax that is devided into prothorax, mesothorax, and metathorax
28
Where can the wings be found on a hexapod
One pair of wings can be found on the mesothorax and another pair of wings can be found on the metathorax.
29
Besides wings, what other structures are located in/on the thorax of a hexapod
Crop, gizzard, gastric caecae, trachea/tracheoles, spiracles, ventral nerve chord (through the entire length)
30
What is the function of the gastric caecae in a hexapod
They produce digestive enzymes
31
What is the function of spiracles in a hexapod
They are holes in the chitonous exoskeleton that function in gas exchange
32
What is the function of the trachea/tracheoles
They are used in passive gas exchange and a attached to the spiracles.
33
What is the third tagmata on a hexapod and how many segments does it have
Abdomen separated into 8 segments
34
What structures are located inside the abdomen of a hexapod
Malpighian tubules, central nerve chord, intestines, anus, testis/ ovaries
35
What is the function of malpighian tubules in a hexapod
Waste collection and excretion
36
Each ommatidium is separated by _________ and why is this an important feature
Reflective partition; to keep the light focused into one ommatidium instead of it crossing into another.
37
What is the transparent cuticle that separates the facet from the lens of an ommatidium
Cornea
38
The lens of an ommatidium is called the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Crystallin cone
39
The top layer of the ommatidium is called the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Facet
40
Is class Insecta uniramous or biramous
Uniramous
41
How many legs, wings, and antennae are found on an insecta
1 pair of antennae 2 pairs of wings 3 pairs of legs
42
In class insecta, which muscles control the wings and which control the body shape
Direct muscles- control wings Indirect muscles- control body shape
43
What are the four mouth parts of a grasshopper
1. Mandible 2. Maxilla with maxillary palps 3. Labrum 4. Labium
44
Describe the spiral pattern of a protostome
Spiral
45
Describe the cleave pattern of a deuterostome
radial
46
In protostomes the blastopore becomes the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
mouth
47
In protostomes the blastopore becomes the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
anus
48
Describe the formation of the body cavity in a protostome
Schizocoelous - a hole froms from a tear in the tissue
49
Describe the formation of the body cavity in a deuterstomes
Enterocoelous - forms from a bubble or pocket in the G.I. tract
50
What type of development can be seen in protostomes
Determinant development - cells fate is set early on
51
What type of development is seen in deuterostomes
Indeterminant - cell fate is not set until later on
52
What Phyla (groups) make up protostomes
Mollusca
"Worms"
Arthropoda
53
What Phyla make up Deuterstomes
Echinodermata
Chordata
54
Distinguish between Lophotrocozoa and Ecdysozoa
**Lophotrocozoa -** Common features of this group include trocophore larva and/or a having a feeding structure called a lophophore
**Ecdysozoa -** is the ability to shed the exoskeleton in a process called molting
55
What groups make up the Lophotrochozoa
Mollusca
Annelida
Platyhelminthes
56
What groups make up Ecdysozoa
Arthropoda
Nematoda
Nematomorpha
57
What type of larva is pictured
Trochophore larva
58
What type of larva is pictured
Trochophore larva
59
Distinguish between these different types of coelomates and lable the pictures
60
Distinguish between parietal peritoneum and visceral peritoneum
**Parietal peritoneum** is that portion that lines the abdominal and pelvic cavities. Those cavities are also known as the peritoneal cavity.
**Visceral peritoneum** covers the external surfaces of most abdominal organs, including the intestinal tract.
61
Explain the function of mesenteric tissue
The mesentery is the double fold of peritoneum that attaches the intestines to the wall of the abdomen
62
Compare/Contrast between complete digestive system and incomplete digestive system
**Complete digestive system** - (two openings) digestive system with a mouth, gut, and an anus
**Incomplete digestive system** - one opening, digestive system with a mouth and a gastrovascular cavity (GVC)
63
What type of digestive system is seen in Nematomorpha
A reduced digestive system
64
What type of digestive system is seen in Rotifers
Complete digestive system
65
What type of digestive system is seen in Echinoderms
Complete digestive system
66
What type of digestive system is seen in Arthropods
Complete digestive system
67
Compare/Contrast between monoecious and dioecious
**Monoecious** - organisms posess both male and female parts within the same body
**Dioecious** - There are two different body plans of an organism to distinguish between a male and a female.
68
Are horsehair worms (Nematomorpha) monoecious or dioecious
Dioecious
69
Are Rotifers monoecious or dioecious
mostly dioecious
70
Are Arthropods monoecious or dioecious
mostly dioecious
71
The movement of an organism in response to a chemical stimulus
Chemotaxis
72
The motion or orientation of an organism in response to a touch stimulus.
Thigmotaxis
73
Movement of an organism in response to light
Phototaxis
74
What are some distinct features belonging to Phylum Rotifera
* **Ciliated tufts** - Located near mouth for feeding
* **Mastax** - Pharynx structure
* **Trophi** - First step in digestion; grinds food
* **Toes** - Used for attachment
75
Identify and label the organism pictured
Rotifera
76
77
Lable this structure and what is its taxonomic utility
Mastax acts as a pharynx in Rotifers
78
Label the structure and its function
Trophi are used to grind up food
79
In Rotifers a female can produce an "egg" that is diploid which produces a new diploid female. This process of asexual reproduction with no genetic recombination is called \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Apomixis
80
Explain the sexual reproduction in Rotifers
A Female produces an egg (1N) and if it is not fertilized then it will produce a haploid (1N) male. If it is fertilized then it will produce a diploid (2N) female.
81
In Rotifers all males are _______ and all females are \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Males = Haploid (1N)
Females = Diploid (2N)
82
In Rotifers when an egg is unfertilized it results in the formation of a haploid male, this process is known as \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Parthenogenesis
83
How do Rotifers aquire their food
They beat their ciliated tufts which draws water in. The cilia filter out larger food particles and bring smaller food particles toward the mouth. Once taken in the mastax and trophi are used in grinding up the food particles
84
What group are Nematophores most closely related to
Nematoda
85
describe the body of a Nematomorpha
long and slender with longitudinal muscles only
86
This group has a very reduced digestive system
Nematomorpha
87
What type of environment can Nematomorpha normally be found
aquatic (freshwater)
88
Do Nematomorpha have a cuticle
yes, cuticle is present
89
Do Nematomorpha have cilia
No, cilia are not present in this group
90
No larval stage; juveniles resemble adults
Direct development (Ametabolous)
91
Organism goes through a larval stage; larvae do not resemble adults
Indirect development
92
A form of insect development (indirect) which includes four life stages – egg, larva, pupa and adult
Holometabolous
93
A form of insect development (indirect) that includes three distinct stages - egg, nymph, adult
Hemimetabolous
94
Are Arthropods acoelomates, pseudocoelomates, or eucoelomates
eucoelomates (coelomates)
95
What are some paird jointed appendages that are found in Phylum Arthropoda
* Antennae
* wings
* walking legs
* mouth parts
96
Arthropods are \_\_\_\_\_\_heterotrophs
Chemo
97
The exoskeleton of an Arthropod is made of \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Chitin
98
Arthropods can be __________ or _________ and exhibit both endo and ecto forms
free living, parasitic
99
What type of behaviors do Arthropods exhibit
complex behaviors including sociality
100
In what environments can Arthropods be found
Arthropods are widely distributed and can be found in every habitat
101
Arthropods posess highly developed \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
sensory organs
102
Arhropods exhibit complex life cycles with radical transformations known as \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
metamorphosis
103
What is the advantage of Arthropods that have very different larval and adult stages
It lessens the degree of intraspecific competition (compitition within a species)
104
successive molts
Instars
105
Label these two types of appendages
Biramous - Branched
Uniramous - Unbranched
106
Label this biramous appendage
A. Exopod
B. Endopod
C. Coxa
107
Dorsal plate of the exoskeleton
Ventral plate of the exoskeleton
Dorsal - Tergum
Ventral - Sternum
108
Ther tergum, sternum and pleura are hard parts located on the exoskeleton of an Arthropod. These hard parts are called \_\_\_\_\_\_
Sclerites
109
110
111
112
What is the function of the pedipalps
feeding appendage
113
This structure of an Arachnid produces fibrous protein
silk glands
114
This structure on an Arachnid spins protein into thread
Spinnerets
115
Modified hairs found on Archnids that act as mechanoreceptors
Sensillae
116
Used for prey capture, movement and shelter of Arachnids
web
117
Arachnids are \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, and give birth to live young
Viviparous
118
Class of Subphylum Myriopoda that have one pair of appendages per segment with a well developed head and eyes.
Chilopoda
| (Centipedes)
119
Class of Subphylum Myriopoda that has 2 pair of appendages per segment and a poorly developed heard
Diplopoda
| (millipedes)
120
Are antennae pressent in Subphylum Chelicerata
no
121
What tagmata are present in Subphylum Chelicerata
Cephalothorax (prosoma)
Abdomen (opithosoma)
122
Describe the difference of Chelicerae and pedipalps in Subphylum Chelicerata
**Chelicerae** are appendages that are modified into fangs, stingers and claws.
**Pedipalps** are used in feeding
123
124
Muscle that moves limb away from the body
extensor
125
Muscle that draws the limb back toward the body
flexor
126
Grasshopper mouthparts are used in what manner
Chewing
127
Muscles used for flight that control the wings
Direct muscles
128
Muscles used in flight that control the body shape
Indirect muscles
129
What two forces must be produced by insect wings to fly
Lift and Thrust
130
Describe the path of water through the water-vascular system of a starfish
* Madreporite
* Stone canal
* Ring canal
* Radial canal
* Lateral canal
* Ampulla
* Tube foot
131
A structure located at the end of the arm on a starish that is used for detecting light
Ocellus
132
Describe the path that food takes through the digestive tract of an insect
Mouth
Pharynx
Esophogus
crop
gizzard
intestines
rectum
anus
133
Which Phylum is characterized by many evolutionary loses
Echinodermata
134
What type of symmetry is observed in Echinoderms
Radial
135
What terms are used to describe the orientation of a starfish
oral
aboral
136
What reversals/losses are documented within Echinoderms
No segmentation
Loss of head
Loss of brain
Radial symmetry
no excretory system
very reduced circulatory systme
137
What type of digestive system is present in Echinoderms
Complete digestive system
138
What type of skeleton is exhibited in Echinoderms
Endoskeleton of calcium carbonate with ossicles and spicules
139
Describe the larva of Echinoderms
Echinoderms have bilaterally symmetrical larva called pluteus
140
Are Echinoderms acoelomates, pseudocoelomates, or eucoelomates
eucoelomates
141
Star fish belong to what class
Asteroidea
142
Members of this group have spines with muscles at the bottom that allow them to move
Echinoidea
| (Sea Urchins)
143
This group of Echinoderms are benthic
Holothuroidea
| (Sea Cucumbers)
144
This group of Echinoderms have their mouths oriented up instead of down
Crinoidea
| (Feather Stars)
