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Unit 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

True or false: Trichomonas have modified mitochondria

A

True

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2
Q

The Plasmodium pictured is in what stage of its life cycle

A

Trophozoite

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3
Q

Explain why Protista is no longer recognized as a formal taxonomic group

A

Protistans can be found scattered throughout other Phyla and is considered more of a paraphyletic group.

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4
Q

Can be found in the water column

A

Pelagic

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5
Q

This organism belonging to Class Trypanosomatidea is a cutaneous pathogen that is transmitted through sand flies

A

Leishmania

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6
Q

Do any Prokaryotes have Flagella?

A

Yes, but not all have. They are made of flagellin and are composed of 3 parts: Basal body, Hook, and Filament.

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7
Q

Chromatin condenses, the nuclear envelope dissolves, centrioles (if present) divide and migrate, kinetochores and kinetochore fibers form, and the spindle forms.

A

Prophase

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8
Q

specialized archeocytes that form spicules

A

Sclerocytes

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9
Q

Chromalveolata is a subgroup of Eurkaryotes that is a super group to which 3 groups of Protista

A

Dinophyta

Apicomplexa

Ciliophora

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10
Q

Do any Eukaryotes have Flagella?

A

Yes, but not all have. They are made of microtubules and are found in pairs; 9 pairs around a central pair called 9+ 2 fashion.

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11
Q

Trichomonas belong to what Kingdom, Phylum and Class

A

Kingdom Protista

Phylum Axostylata

Class Parabasalea

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12
Q

These organisms have what type pseudopodia

A

Reticulopodia

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13
Q

This ultrastructual feature functions in host cell penetration and is made up of a conoid, polar rings and rhoptries

A

apical complex

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14
Q

This parasite feeds on the intestinal epithelium

A

Giardia

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15
Q

What organism is pictured

A

Trypanosoma

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16
Q

Feeding cell found in Phylum Poriferan

A

Choanocyte

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17
Q

Do any Prokayotes have pilus?

A

Yes, only in Gram Negative bacteria. It acts as a bridge to transfer genetic material.

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18
Q

Excavata is a subgroup of Eurkaryotes that is a super group to which 3 groups of Protista

A

Parabasalea

Diplomonadida

Euglenozoa

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19
Q

What is the function of Amoebocytes

A

They move by pseudopodia to redistribute nutrients to other cells

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20
Q

In Phylum Euglenozoa name one organism that is free living and one organism that is parasitic

A

Free living - Euglena

Parasitic - Trypanosoma

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21
Q

What are the three basic body types of a Poriferan

A

Asconoid

Syconoid

Leuconoid

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22
Q

Body form with even more folding, more and smaller choanocyte chambers, spongocoel essentially nonexistent, has excurrent canals instead

A

Leuconoid

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23
Q

True or False: Giardia are unicellular and flagellated

A

True

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24
Q

What is one defining feature of Phylum Axostylata

A

Axostyle

(cytoskeletal element)

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25
Parasite vector that requires transmission through biting. The parasite requires this vector to complete part of its lifecyle
Biological vector
26
Identify this genus and what phylum it belongs to
Trichomonas Phylum Axostylata
27
What are the 5 different types of pseudopodia
1. Lobopodia 2. Axopodia 3. Filipodia 4. Reticulopodia 5. Rhizopodia
28
Identify this genus and what phylum it belongs to
Trypanosoma Phylum Euglenozoa
29
The Plasmodium pictured is in what stage of its lifecycle
Ookinetes
30
Trypanosoma is a blood parasite that causes what disease
East/West African sleeping sickness
31
Identify this genus and what phylum it belongs to
Leishmania Phylum Euglenozoa
32
What class do the majority of sponges belong to
Demospongiae
33
What type of pseudopodia do Radiolaria primarily use
Axipodia and Filipodia
34
Caused by Dinophyta these toxic blooms poison vertebrate animals but often leave invertebrates unaffected
Red Tides
35
Identify this genus and what phylum it belongs to
Plasmodium Phylum Apicomplexa
36
What are some possible functions of the Rhizopodia
* movement * attachment
37
Do any Eukaryotes have a cell membrane?
Yes all MUST have a cell membrane. It is composed of a phospholipid bilayer and a few other substances.
38
Body form that is simple, continuous choanoderm w/ no folds, small, vaselike, spongocoel and osculum
Asconoid
39
Body form with pinacoderm/choanoderm folded, choanocytes in chambers, thick body wall
Syconoid
40
Chromalveoleta is a subgroup of Eurkaryotes that is a super group to which 3 groups of Protista
Dinophyta Apicomplexa Ciliophora
41
These organisms have cells walls composed of plates (Theca) with some species being heterotrophic and others photosynthetic
Dinoflagellates
42
Super fine internal detail of the cell visible only with an electron microscope - Cytoskeletal elements
Ultra structure
43
What is the defining feature of organisms that belong to Phylum Apicomplexa
Apical complex
44
Name this organism and label its parts
Euglena
45
Organism that can use a mix of different sources of energy and carbon.
Mixotrophic
46
specialized archaeocytes that form collegen
collenocyte
47
Giardia belong to what Kingdom, Phylum and Class
Kingdom Protista Phylum Retortamonada Class Diplomanadea
48
These cytoskeletal elements that make up pseudopodia are made of the protien actin and can be rebuilt
microfilaments
49
What phylums has organisms with a pellicle
Euglenozoa (Euglena) Ciliophora (Paramecium)
50
What are some possible functions of the lobopodia
* movement
51
Discribe the structure of a Eukaryotic flagellum/cilia
The flagellum/cilia are extensions of the cell. **They are not located outside of the cell**. This means they have a cell membrane and are composed of cytoskeletal elements (microtubules) in a 9+2 arrangement.
52
These organisms have a silicious skeleton and the cell is divided into an inner endoplasm (capsule) and an outer ectoplasm (calymma). They are also an important component of marine plankton
Radiolaria
53
What is the defining feature of organisms that belong to Phylum Ciliophora
Cilia used for movement and sweeping liquid across the cell
54
What 3 classes are found in Phylum Porifera
Calcarea Hexactinellida Demospongiae
55
Rhizaria is a subgroup of Eurkaryotes that is a super group to which 2 groups of Protista
Foraminifera Radiolaria
56
These organisms are unicellular and have permanently condensed chromosomes
Dinoflagellates
57
Phylum Porifera are classified based on what 3 filtering designs
Asconoid Syconoid Leuconoid
58
What is the function of Pinacocytes
They are covering cells for protection
59
What structure is pictured on this Euglena
Pellicle
60
What ultrastructure is shown here
Apical complex
61
Attached to substrate or lurking at the bottom
Benthic
62
What structure is the arrow in this picture pointing to
Kinetoplast
63
Organisms that belong to this Phylum have no organs or organ systems and rely exclusivly on diffusion. They are classified based on their filtering design.
Phylum Porifera
64
Name this organism and the stage it is in
Giardia resting stage (cyst)
65
Tubelike organelle in some flagellate protozoa, extending from the area of the kinetosomes to the posterior end, where it often protrudes
Axostyle
66
Name the organism and the stage it is in
Giardia feeding stage (trophozoite)
67
Organisms that belong to this Phylum are mostly marine with few aquatic species. They have limited radial symmetry and they are all filter and suspension feeders
Phylum Porifera
68
This organism has modified mitochondria
Giardia
69
Describes an organism that can move in the water column
Nekton
70
specialized archaeocytes that form spongin
Spongeocytes
71
Compare/Contrast Eukaryotes and Prokaryotes Cell wall
Only some Eukaryotes possess a cell wall (plants and fungi). Most Prokaryotes have a cell wall but not all.
72
Identify this genus and what phylum it belongs to
Stentor Phylum Ciliophora
73
What are some possible functions of the axopodia
* movement * defense * increase surface area
74
How do Giardia reproduce
The cyst is released in fecal mater that contaminate soil or water. It is then taken in by humans and pass through the stomach. They once again become active and feed (Trophozoite) on the intestinal epithelium by sucking out the contents of the cell. This disease is known as Giardisis
75
Identify this genus and what phylum it belongs to
Ceratium Phylum Dinophyta
76
Identify this genus and what phylum it belongs to
Noctiluca Phylum Dinophyta
77
Begins with the separation of the centromeres, and the pulling of chromosomes (we call them chromosomes after the centromeres are separated) to opposite poles of the spindle.
Anaphase
78
These organisms are free living, unicellular and amoeboid.
Radiolaria and Foraminifera
79
The Plasmodium pictured is in what stage of its life cycle
Gametocytes
80
Trichomonas is an obligate parasite meaning...
it is a parasitic organism that cannot complete its life-cycle without exploiting a suitable host
81
This ultrastructure is used for defense and prey capture in paramecium
Trichocysts
82
Describe the composistion of a Eurkaryotice cell wall
In algae and plant cells, the cell wall is usually composed of cellulose. In molds it is composed of chitin and/or cellulose. Animal cells and protozoans lack cell walls. The rigid, tightknit molecular structure of the cell wall determines shape and helps resist osmotic lysis.
83
What cell types are found in an organism belonging to Phylum Porifera
Pinococyte Choanocyte Amoebocyte Archeocyte
84
Compare/Contrast Eukaryotes and Prokaryotes size
Eukaryotic cells are larger than Prokaryotic cells
85
Giardia have modified mitochondria known as
Mitosomes or Hydrogenosomes
86
Describe three methods of motility found among protists
* Cilia / Flagella * Membrane bound extensions of the cell * Cell extrusions * expelling something to make the cell move (limited movement) * Cell flow (pseudopodia) * change in cell shape, extention of the cell
87
Modified mitochondria with permanently condensed DNA that is a defining feature of Class Trypanosomadidea
Kinetoplast
88
Photosynthetic Dinoflagellates have chlorophylls ____ and ____ as well as the accessory pigment \_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Chlorophylls a and c accessory pigment peridinin
89
Compare/Contrast Eukaryotes and Prokaryotes internal compartmentalization
Eukaryotes have membrane bound organells and Prokaryotes do not.
90
Identify this genus and what phylum it belongs to
Euglena Phylum Euglenozoa
91
A multinucleate cell which can result from multiple nuclear divisions without their accompanying cytokinesis
Coenocyte
92
The splitting of the cytoplasm and allocation of the golgi, plastids and cytoplasm into each new cell.
Cytokinesis
93
These organisms are free living and symbiotic
Dinoflagellates and Ciliophora
94
What are the two stages in the life cycle of a Porifera
Parenchymatous larval Sessile adults
95
What organism is pictured here
Giardia
96
The chromosomes (which at this point consist of chromatids held together by a centromere) migrate to the equator of the spindle, where the spindles attach to the kinetochore fibers.
Metaphase
97
Is Giardia free living or parasitic?
Parasitic (intestinal parasite)
98
Oganisms that belong to this Phylum are some of the most structurally complicated cells known. They are all unicellular and heterotrophic and contain two nuclei
Ciliophora
99
A parasite carrier where the parasite does not live within the vector and is transmitted on its body
Mechanical vector
100
A protein structure found at the base of flagellum that anchors it in place
basal body
101
Do any Eukaryotes have cilia?
Yes, they are shorter than Flagella & more numerous, made of Microtubules as well Ex. Paramecium
102
Compare/Contrast Eukaryotes and Prokaryotes organization of the genetic material
Prokaryotes have circular DNA that can be found in the area known as the nucleoid. Eukaryotes have linear DNA that is found inside a membrane bound nucleus
103
What is the defining feature that characterizes the group Chromalveoleta
Corticle alveoli
104
The condition in which a tissue, organism, or filament does not have an internal cellular structure and the organelles freely mix forming a n enormous multinucleate cell
Syncitium
105
Compare/Contrast Eukaryotes and Prokaryotes cell division
* The usual method of prokaryote cell division is termed binary fission. The prokaryotic chromosome is a single DNA molecule that first replicates, then attaches each copy to a different part of the cell membrane. When the cell begins to pull apart, the replicate and original chromosomes are separated. Following cell splitting (cytokinesis), there are then two cells of identical genetic composition * Eukaryote cell division is known as Mitosis (Meiosis for reproductive cells). Mitosis phases consist of Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase and Cytokenesis. During these phases the chromosomes are copied and divided up into identical daughter cells.
106
What is the energy storage product in Dinoflagellates
Starch
107
Membrane bound cavities just underneath the outer cell membrane
Corticle alveoli
108
gelatinous matrix found in a Poriferan
Mesohyle
109
Covering cell in Poriferans that is used for protection
pinacocytes
110
The 9+2 arrangement of cytoskeleton elements (microtubules) shown here dipicts what
Eukaryotic Flagellum
111
Explain the reproductive cycle of a sponge
Reproduction by sponges is by both sexual and asexual means. Asexual reproduction is by means of external buds. Some species also form internal buds, called gemmules, which can survive extremely unfavorable conditions that cause the rest of the sponge to die. Sexual reproduction takes place in the mesohyl. Male gametes are released into the water by a sponge and taken into the pore systems of its neighbors in the same way as food items. Spermatozoa are "captured" by collar cells, which then lose their collars and transform into specialized, amoeba-like cells that carry the spermatozoa to the eggs. Some sponges are monoecious; others are dioecious.
112
What is the function of archeocytes
They produce the skeleton * spongocyte * schlerocyte * collenocyte
113
This Class of organisms that belong to the Phylum Euglenozoa are unicellular, parasitic and have kinetoplasts
Trypanosomatidea
114
Cell found in Poriferans that redistributes nutrients to other cells
Amoebocyte
115
Cells in Poriferans that produce the skeleton
Archeocytes
116
These cytoskeletal elements that make up pseudopodia are made of protein tubulin and can be rebuilt
microtubules
117
What organism is pictured here
Trichomonas
118
Pseudopodia are controlled by what cytoskelatal elements
* intermediate filaments * microtubules * microfilaments
119
Describe the composition of a cell wall in Prokaryotes
Prokaryotes that contain a cell wall are bacteria. It is composed of layers of peptidoglycan. In a gram positive bacterium there are several layers of peptidoglycan (Thick cell wall). In a gram negative bacterium there are few layers of peptidoglycan (thin cell wall).
120
What skeletal elements can be found in sponges
* Spongocyte - spongin * Schlerocyte - spicules * Collenocyte - collegen protein
121
Do any Prokaryotes have a cell membrane?
Yes all MUST have a cell membrane that is made of a phospholipid bi-layer.
122
Members of this Phylum are strictly parasitic with complex lifecycles. They go through multiple stages sometimes with multiple hosts.
Apicomplexa
123
This Class of organisms that belong to the Phylum Euglenozoa are unicellular, free living and mixotrophoic
Class Euglenoidea
124
The chromosomes reach the poles of their respective spindles, the nuclear envelope reforms, chromosomes uncoil into chromatin form, and the nucleolus (which had disappeared during Prophase) reform. Where there was one cell there are now two smaller cells each with exactly the same genetic information. These cells may then develop into different adult forms via the processes of development.
Telophase
125
What are two types of plankton
* zooplankton - animal plankton * phytoplankton - phytosynthetic plant plankton
126
What is the function of the Choanocyte
It is a feeding cell (phagocytosis) that filters nutrients out of water using reticulopodia, and flagellum are used to move water into the cell.
127
List the factors that influence the location of protists (plankton)
* Light intensity * Light quality * Salinity * Temperature * Pressure * Oxygen * Carbon Dioxide
128
Describes an organism that is to weak to overcome water currents or has no motion (difter)
Plankton
129
What are some possible functions of the filopodia
* movement * increase resistance to descent in a water column
130
Compare/Contrast Eukaryotes and Prokaryotes cytoskeleton
* Cytoskeleton is present in a Eukaryotic cells. It is to maintain shape and stability-- Microtubules maintain shape, and Microfilaments allow movement of molecules in cytoplasm. * Not all Prokaryotes have a cytoskeleton-- it is to maintain shape and stability, made of ACTIN
131
Do any Prokaryotes have cilia?
No
132
What are the 3 Subgroups of Eukaryotes that we are responsible for in this unit
Excavata Chromalveolata Rhizaria
133
How many flagella do Dinoflagellates have
They have two flagella that are oriented perpendicular to one another located in the groove of the cell wall. This allows the organism to spin as well as move vertically in the water column
134
Identify this genus and what phylum it belongs to
Giardia Phylum Retortamonada
135
Do any Eukaryotes have a pilus?
No
136
What are some possible functions of the Reticulopodia
* movement * capture
137
Rhizaria is a subgroup of Eurkaryotes that is a super group to which 2 groups of Protista
Radiolaria Foraminifera
138
Euglena belong to what Kingdom, Phylum and Class
Kingdom Protista Phylum Euglenozoa Class Euglenoidea
139
Identify this genus and what phylum it belongs to
Paramecium Phylum Ciliophora
140
These organisms have siliceous or calcium carbonate tests and are an important component of marine plankton
Foraminifera
141
What name the genus and label the picture
Paramecium
142
Describe the life cycle of a Paramecium
143
Members of this phylum only have two tissue types; the gastrodermis and epidermis with a noncellular gelatinous matrix separating the two (Mesoglea)
Cnidaria
144
What are the 4 classes of Cnidarians you need to know and list examples from each
Hydrozoa Anthozoa Scyphozoa Cubozoa
145
Members of this Phylum are primarily marine and both benthic and pelagic species
Cnidaria
146
What kind of life cycle is exhibited in Phylum Cnidaria
Dimorphic alternation of generations
147
What two body forms can be found in Phylum Cnidaria
Sessile Polyp Motile Medusa
148
Do members of phylum Cnidaria possess any kind of symmetry
Yes, radial symmetry
149
What are the two types of proteins that give Cnidarians their cell shape
* Structural proteins * Microtubules * made of protein tubulin * Itermediate filaments * Microfilaments * made of protein actin * Collagen * Elastin * Fibrin * Contractile (motor) proteins * Actin * Myocin * Dynein * Kinesin
150
Tissue that has only once cell type
Simple tissue
151
Tissue that consists of multiple cell types
Complex tissue
152
Are the tissues found in Cnidarians (Epidermis and Gastrodermis) complex or simple tissues
Complex tissues
153
Label this typical Cnidarian and describe what is happening point J
Point J shows that there is a thorough mixing of digestive enzymes and food items before digested components are imported into the cells
154
What are the functions of a cnidocyte
* Injection * Entanglement * Attachment
155
What are epithilio muscular cells
They are covering cells overlap one another (they are not true muscles) and when they constrict and relax the Cnidarian is capabale of moving (bending)
156
What are the two epithelio-muscular cells that are present in Cnidarians
Longitudinal epithelio-muscular Circular epithelio-muscular
157
What kind of lifecyle does a Cnidarian go through
Diplontic Life Cycle
158
Label this asconoid sponge
159
Label this syconoid sponge
160
Label this leuconoid sponge
161
162
What are the two types of cells in the nervous system of a Cnidarian and what do they do
Sensory cell - detect stimulus Effector cell - causes a response
163
What is the specialized cell type that is used for prey capture in Cnidarians
A Cnidocyte that contains a nematocyst is used for prey capture. When it is triggered it releases into the prey and releases a toxin.
164
What type of cell is pictured and what Phylum can it be found in
Cnidocyte cell found in Phylum Cnidaria
165
Describe a Cnidarian Life Cycle (Diplontic)
166
This organism causes __________ in a pregnant womans unborn fetus and is contracted through cat feces
Toxoplasm causes Toxoplasmosis
167
What disease is caused by this organism
Vaginitis
168
What disease is caused by this organism
malaria

Zoology (6 decks)

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