UNIT 1 Flashcards
(123 cards)
1
Q
Kinesiology
A
Study of movement
2
Q
Sagittal plane
A
Median or midsagittal
Splits body into R and L halves
3
Q
Frontal plane
A
Coronal
Divides body into anterior and posterior parts, front and back
4
Q
Transverse
A
Horizontal plane, upper and lower, or superior and inferior parts
5
Q
Axes of movement
A
Right angle to plane in which movement occurs
6
Q
Frontal axis
A
Movements in SAGITTAL plane have frontal axes
7
Q
Sagittal axis
A
Movements in FRONAL planes have sagittal axes
8
Q
Vertical axis
A
Movements in transverse plane occur around vertical axes
9
Q
Linear movement (translatory)
A
Movement in relatively straight line, all parts of object move same distance in same direction at the same time
10
Q
Rectilinear
A
Movement in straight line (Car on road, w/c on path)
11
Q
Curvilinear
A
Curved path, skier down slope b/w flags
12
Q
Angular (rotary) movement
A
Movement of object around fixed point traveling through an arc
All parts move through the same angle, same direction, but not the same distance
Bones at joint
13
Q
Osteokinematics
A
Bone movements in space
14
Q
Skeletal system functions
A
Support and shape to body, protects vital organs and body systems, manufactures blood cells
15
Q
Axial
A
Head, thorax, and trunk
80
16
Q
Appendicular
A
Extremities
Arms, legs, pelvis and shoulder girdle
126
17
Q
Compact bone
A
Outer shell
18
Q
Cancellous bone, spongy bone
A
Porous, inside of bone, resists strain and stress, makes up end of most articular bones
19
Q
Diaphysis
A
Main shaft of bone
20
Q
Medullary canal
A
Hollow, center of diaphysis, contains marrow
21
Q
Endosteum
A
Membrane lining the medullary canal
22
Q
Epiphysis
A
Area of end of diaphysis, wider than shaft, growth occurs here in children
23
Q
Metaphysis
A
Flared end of the diaphysis which supports the epiphysis
24
Q
Periosteum
A
Membrane covering bone except articular surfaces (hyaline cartilage)
Contains nerve and blood vessels
ATTACHMENT point for tendons and ligaments
25
Long bones
Length greater than width, compact bone is more centralized where stress is greatest
26
Short bones
Usually articulate with more than one bone, cubical,
27
Flat bones
Tend to have curved surfaces,
28
Irregular
Mixed shape
29
Sesamoid bones
Small bones located where a tendon crosses the end of a long bone protecting the tendon from wear by creating grooves
Patella
30
Joints
Connection between two bones which allows movement,
| Provides stability to body and bears weight of body,
31
Shoulder example of...
Move movement in joint= less stability
32
Sternoclavicular example of...
Less movement in joint= increased stability
33
Fibrous joints (3)
Has thin layer of periosteum between bones,
1. Synarthrosis
2. Syndesmosis
3. Gomphosis
34
Synarthrosis
Suture joint, bones interlock with little or no movement
35
Syndesmosis
Ligamentous, fibrous tissues holds joint together
36
Gomphosis
Bolted, between teeth and dental socket (only here)
37
Cartilaginous joint
Hyaline or fibrocartilage between two bones
Great stability with small amount of motion
Vertebrae
38
Synovial joint
No direct connection between bones, cavity filled with synovial fluid is contained inside capsule, outer layer strong fibrous tissue, inner layer synovial membrane, free movement
39
Nonaxial
Linear movement, movement in these joints occurs secondary to other movement
40
Uniaxial
1 direction
41
Biaxial
2 directions
42
Triaxial
Motion in all three axes, multiple directions
43
Ligaments
Hold bones together, do not stretch (but are flexible), prevents excessive movement of joint
44
Joint capsule
outer layer- fibrous tissue
| inner layer- synovial membrane, secretes synovial fluid
45
Fribrocartilage
shock absorber, deepens joint, ex- humerus and glenoid fossa (labrym), discs, and menisci
46
tendon
muscle to bone
47
bursae
padding, under tendons and over bony prominences, reduces friction of moving parts
48
end feel
something you feel as you move someone through ROM
49
arthrokinematic
joint movement
50
bony
abrupt limit, bone on bone
51
soft tissue approximation
movement stopped by soft tissue contact
52
firm end feel
firm but stretchy, some give, most common
53
abnormal bony
hard feel where there shouldn't be
54
boggy
wer or spongy, edema
55
muscle spasm
protective response
56
empty
pt. won't let you move it 2 to pain
57
springy block
rebound feeling
58
component motions
involuntary
59
joint play
passive movements from applying external forces
60
joint mobilization and manipulation
treatment techniques
61
Ovoid joint
two bones connecting with convex-concave relationship
62
Seller
saddle shaped, each joint surface is concave one direction and convex another
63
Roll
1 joint surface rolls on another, heel to toe
64
Glide
linear joint surface movement parallel to plane of adjoining surface, skater on one foot
65
Spin
rotation of moveable joint surface on a fixed adjacent surface
66
convex-concave rule
concave surface on convex= same direction as body
convex will move on fixed concave= opposite direction as body
convex moving= opposite
concave moving= same
67
Closed pack position
joint surfaces have maximum contact with each other
68
Open pack position
maximum incongruity of joint surfaces, joint mobilization is generally done in this position because ligaments are relaxed
69
sprain
partial/complete of ligament
70
Insertion
moveable bone, usually moves toward stable bone
I- I move
71
Origin
stable bone, tends to be closer to trunk than insertion
origin- where people are from
72
Reversal of muscle action
If the insertion becomes fixed, then the origin moves toward the insertion and the insertion becomes stable
chin-up on bar
73
Strap muscles
long, thin, fibers run entire length
74
Fusiform muscles
spindle like, wider in middle and tapered at both ends
75
Rhomboidal
four side, flat, broad attachements
76
triangular
flat and fan shaped
77
Irritability
ability to respond to stimuli
78
Contractility
ability to be shortened or contract
79
Extensibility
ability to stretch or lengthen
80
Elasticity
ability to return to resting length
81
Excursion
distance from total elongation to total shortness
82
mm that crosses 1 joint
usually has sufficient excursion to allow joint through entire ROM
83
mm that crosses 2 joints
may not have enough excursion to allow full ROM through all joints involved, further would result in damage and tearing
84
Muscle tension is dependent on
length
85
Active insufficiency
mm runs out of ability to shorten before the joints run out of full range to move, occurs to the agonist, bend leg, butt kick example
86
Passive insufficiency
mm can not be elongated any further without damage, when stretching full ROM can not be reached due to length limitations of mms and tendons, touch toes
87
Stretching
should be performed on relaxed muscle
88
Tenodesis
Use principle of passive insufficiency to open and close hand, flex wrists- fingers open, extend wrist- fingers close, quadriplegics
89
Isometric
no joint movement
90
isotonic
mm contracts, mm length changes, joint angle changes
91
isotonic concentric
mm shortens, picking up weights
92
isotonic eccentric
mm appears to be lengthening, putting weights down
93
isokinetic
done only with special equipment, resistance varies, velocity and speech remain the same
94
agonist
muscle causing motion, primer mover- major role, assisting mover, contracts
95
antagonist
mm that performs the opposing motion of agonist, remains @ rest, elongates
96
co-contraction
agonist/ antagonist contract at the same time, stability, no movement
97
stabilizer
mm that supports and allows agonist to work, fixator
98
neutralizer
prevents unwanted motion
99
synergist
mm that works with one or more other mms
100
angle of pull
mody mm pull at a diagonal, results from combined vertical and horizontal forces
101
closed kinematic chain
distal segment of chain is fixed, proximal segment moves
102
open kinematic chain
distal segment moves, proximal segment remains stationary
103
force
measurable influences acting on a body
104
linear force
2+ forces act along same line
105
parallel force
same plane in same or opposite, third force must be present between 2 parallel forces to provide counterforce
106
cocurrent force
2+ forces act on a common point but pull in different directions, net effort is resultant force
107
force couple
2+ forces act together, but in opposite but equals direction resulting in turning
108
torque
rotary, ability of force to produce rotation
109
equilibrium
all forces are equal
110
center of gravity
the balance point of an object, all planes intersect
111
base of support
where the body is in contact with the supporting surface
112
axis
fixed point, is the actual joint
113
force
muscle that is moving
114
resistance
the load, the part of the body that is moving + gravity + anything being lifted
115
force arm
distance between the joint and mm attachment
116
resistance arm
length between line of resistance and axis
117
first class lever
Axis in middle
118
second class lever
Resistance in middle
119
third class lever
Force in middle
120
The longer the lever arm =
less resistance you will need to apply to get a result
121
pulleys
fixed, changes the direction of the force,
122
wheel and axle
faucet example, completing shoulder internal and external rotation
123
inclined plane
w/c ramp/ accessibility
