Unit 1 Flashcards
(180 cards)
1
Q
What makes up the axial skeleton?
A
Head, neck and trunk
2
Q
The apendicular skeleton consists of
A
Limbs that are attached to the body’s axis
3
Q
Spinal column consists of: _____, ________, _____
A
Spine, sacrum, coccyx
4
Q
A child has 33 individual segments
- ______ in the spine
- _____ in the sacrum
- _____ in the coccyx
A
24
5
4
5
Q
The adult has 26 segments
- _______ in the spine
- ______ in the sacrum
- ______ in the coccyx
A
24
1
1
6
Q
___________ are considered freely moveable in the adult and consists of 24 segments of the spine
A
True segments
7
Q
________ those segments that are NOT freely moveable
A
False segments
8
Q
What are examples of false segments
A
Sacrum and coccyx
9
Q
What are the 6 ranges of movement of the spine?
A
Flexion/extension
Right and left rotation
Right and left lateral flexion
10
Q
What are the 3 distinct regions of the spine?
A
Cervical, thoracic and lumbar
11
Q
What is the most variable region as to the number if segments in it?
A
Lumbar
12
Q
Typical spine vertebrae are divided into 2 basic parts
A
Anterior and posterior
13
Q
The vertebral arch has an anterior and posterior part. What is the anterior arch comprised of?
A
The vertebral body
14
Q
What is the posterior arch of the vertebral arch comprised of?
A
Pedicles, lamina, processes
15
Q
What forms the vertebral foramen?
A
Pedicles, vertebral body and the lamina
16
Q
What forms the neural/vertebral canal?
A
Several vertebral (spinal) foramen
17
Q
________ is the hole that the spinal cord goes through
A
Vertebral foramen
18
Q
______ is the largest part of the vertebrae who’s typical shape is cylindrical or square
A
Vertebral body
19
Q
The transverse diameter of the vertebral bodies increases from _______ to_______
A
C-2 to L-3
20
Q
The _________ of the vertebral body is slightly concave as to help form the ___________
A
Posterior margin
Vertebral foramen
21
Q
The epiphyseal plate fuses to the vertebral body between the ages of ________ and _______
A
16 and 20
22
Q
_________ a ring of hard compact bone that surrounds the superior and inferior surfaces of the vertebral body
A
Epiphyseal plate
23
Q
on top of epiphyseal plate is 3 mm thick Hyaline cartilage AKA __________
A
End plate
24
Q
The _________ is really part of the intervertebral disc
A
End plate
25
Describe the pedicles
Anterior part of the vertebral arch
2 short thick round attachments of bone that fuse to the lateral aspect of the vertebral bodies between the ages of 3 and 6
26
The ________ are lateral to the neural foramen
Pedicles
27
The ____________ is through which the spinal nerve roots leave the spinal cord
Intervertebral foramen (IVF)
28
The superior pedicles notch of the vertebra ________ becomes the ________ of the Intervertebral Foramen
Below; floor
29
The inferior pedicle notch of the vertebra _______ forms the ______ of the intervertebral foramen
Above; roof
30
What is pedicogenic stenosis?
Congenital shortening of on or both of the pedicles
Common in males and in the lumbar spine
31
___________ are angled posteriorly and medial. The close off the back of the spinal canal
Laminae
32
_________ is posterior and lateral to the neural foramen
Laminae
33
When do the laminae fuse together?
Laminae fuse together in the back during the first year of life
34
What is the result when the lamina do not fuse?
Spina bifida
35
There are three different forms of spina bifida. How does one describe meningocele?
A protrusion of the meninges through the gap where the laminae failed to fuse
36
What is the most severe form of spina bifida, where the meninges and the spinal cord protrude where the laminae failed to close properly?
Meningomyelocele
37
Explain spina bifida occulta
The mildest form of spina bifida
Results in a small separation or gap in one or more of the bones of the spine.
Can go unrecognized until X-ray
38
What is the least reliable area of palpation when trying to ascertain subluxation?
Spinous process
39
Why’s the spinous process the least reliable area of palpation ?
Because it may deviate or bed either left or right of the midline due to trauma during the cartilaginous stage of development
40
The tip of the spinous process fuses with the rest of the spinous process around the age of ______
16
41
_________ project laterally from the lamina pedicle junction and serve as attachments for muscles and ligaments
Transverse process
42
Muscles that attach to the __________ are mainly for maintaining posture and to induce rotation and lateral bending (lateral flexion)
Transverse process
43
_____________ is the true transverse process part (________ part)
Diapophysis; posterior
44
__________ is a costal element part of the TVP (_______ part)
Pleurapophysis; anterior
45
The tips of the transverse processes fuse to the rest of the TVP about age _____
16
46
There are _______ articular processes AKA the zygapophysis
4
47
There are 2 ___________ (prezygapophysis)
There are 2_____________ (postzygaphophysis)
2 superior articular processes
2 inferior articular processes
48
The the cervical facet of the articular processes are oriented in the __________ plane
Coronal
49
The thoracic facet of the articular processes are oriented in a _______ plane
Coronal
50
The lumbar facet of the articular process is ortiented in a _______ plane
Sagittal
51
What is an articular joint?
2 adjacent articular processes come together to form a joint called the articular joint
52
Where is the facet located on the articular process?
On the articular portion of the AP is a smooth surface called the facet
53
What is the articular joint surrounded by?
The articular capsule
54
What are the 3 parts of an articular capsule?
Inner, central layer, outer
55
Explain the inner part of the articular capsules
Called the synovial membrane that is filled with synovial fluid
56
explain the central layer of the articular capsule
Vascular and composed of loose connective tissue
57
Explain the outerpart of the articular capsule
Made up of connective tissue which connects to the articular processes
Rich in sensory nerve supply
58
(Facet joint capsule)
The articular joint is covered on the _______ _______ side by the ligamentum flavum
The articular joint is covered on the ______ _____ side by the articular capsule
Anterior medial
Posterior lateral
59
Why is the Z joint of added interest to chiropractors?
Because loss of motion or any abberant motion may be the primary cause of pain in this multilevel innervation
60
The superior articular process is considered the ______________ of the IVF
The posterior boundary or the posterior wall
61
The superior articular process projects _________ and ______
The inferior articular process projects
______ and _________
Superior and posterior
Inferior and anterior
62
How many active ranges of motion does the spine have?
6
Motion reveal ens around the 3 axes (X,Y.Z)
63
What are the 6 ranges of motion the spine has?
Flexion and extension (around the X- axis)
Left and right rotation (around the y axis)
Left and right lateral flexion (around the z axis
64
What us subluxation: spinal manipulation?
Joint manipulation comprises a high velocity, low amplitude, end range thrust maneuver
65
Explain mobilization
Involves manual techniques without thrust or sudden movement
66
Articular processes of the cervical region:
| The superior articular process faces ______ and ________ and is angled at _______ degrees to the _________ plane
Posterior and superior
| Angled at 45 degrees to the horizontal plane
67
The inferior articular process of the cervical region faces _____ and ________ and is angled at ______ degrees
Inferior and anterior at 45 degrees
68
Where does the overal greatest range of motion in the spine take place?
Mid cervical spine (C4,C5,C6)
69
Overall greatest amount of flexion and extension of a facet joint in the cervical region take place at ________
C5-C6
70
The articular processes of the thoracic region:
The superior articular facets face ______ and ______ and are angled at _______ degrees and rotated ______ degrees laterally
Superior and posterior
60 degrees
Rotated 20 degrees medially
71
Articular processes of the thoracic region:
The inferior articular facets face _______ and _______ and are at a ______ degree angle and rotated _______ degrees ______
Inferior and posterior and are at a 60 degree angle
Rotated 20 degrees medially
72
The articular processes of the thoracic region allow for what ranges of motion?
Allows for rotation and some flexion very very little extension
73
The articular processes of the Lumbar spine are considered shaped like a what letters?
C or J
74
Articular processes in the lumbar spine:
| The superior articular facets faces _____ mainly and are ________ and rotated at _______ degrees ______
Posterior
Concaved
45 degrees medially
75
Articular Processes in the Lumbar Spine:
| The inferior articular facets face ______ mainly and are ________ and face ______ degrees ______
Anterior
Convexed
Face 45 degrees laterally
76
The articular processes in the lumbar spine allow for what ranges of motion?
Flexion and extension but very little bending and very little to No rotation
77
The greatest amount of overall range of motion in the lumbar spine take place at ______
L-5/ S-1
78
The most lateral flexion in the lumbar spine occurs at
T-12/L-1
79
The facet joints are made up of what?
Superior and inferior articular processes
80
Superior articulate facet faces _______
| Inferior articulate facet faces ______
Posteriorly
| Anteriorly
81
What is the tripod theory of weight bearing?
States that the axial compression on any vertebra is bore by the vertebral BODY and the TWO Superior Articular processes
82
_______ support most of the weight placed on the vertebra
Vertebral bodies
83
Articular processes average _____ percent of the total compressive load (weight)
18%
84
What are the typical spinal vertebra parts?
1 body; 2 pedicles; 2 laminae; 1 spinous process; 2 transverse processes; 4 articular processes
85
If any of the typical spinal vertebra parts are missing, the vertebra is considered _______ to the spine
Peculiar
86
________ is the site of attachment that is relatively fixed
Origin
87
________ is the site of attachment that is normally displaced by contraction of the muscle
Insertion
88
What are the superficial back muscles?
Trapezius and Latissimus Dorsi
89
What are the middle back muscles?
```
splenius muscles
Spinal extensors (spinalis, longissimus, Iliocostalis)
```
90
What are the deep muscles in the back that interconnect and stabilize the vertebrae?
transversospinalis group; semispinalis; multifidus, rotatores; interspinalis; intertransversari
91
What are extrinsic muscles associated with?
The upper extremity and shoulder movement
92
What are intrinsic muscles associated with?
Deal with movement of the vertebral column
93
__________ _______ _____ connect upper extremities to the trunk and form the V-shaped musculature associated with the middle and upper trunk
Superficial extrinsic muscles
94
What are the 5 superficial extrinsic muscles of the back?
Trapezius; Lat dorsi; levator scapulae; Rhomboids (major and minor)
95
_________ _______ _______ include 2 muscles that are associated with respiration
Intermediate extrinsic muscles
96
What are the two intermediate extrinsic muscles?
Serratus posterior superior and inferior
97
What are the 3 muscles in the second layer of extrinsic muscles?
Rhomboid major and minor and levator scapulae
98
The rhomboid major, minor and levator scapulae inserts into the __________ ______ ______
Scapula’s medial border
99
What are the elevators of the scapula?
Levator scapulae
Trapezius (upper)
Rhomboideus minor and major
100
What are the retractors of the scapula?
Rhomboid minor and major and trapezius (middle)
101
What are the upward rotators of the scapula?
Trapezius (upper and lower)
102
What are the downward rotators of the scapula?
Rhomboid major and minor
| Levator scapulae
103
What are the intermediate extrinsic muscles of the back?
Serratus posterior superior and inferior
104
Intrinsic muscles will stretch all the way from the _______ to the ________
Pelvis to the cranium
105
__________ _______ help maintain posture and move the vertebral column
Intrinsic muscles
106
What are the 3 groups of the intrinsic muscles of the back?
Superficial layer
Intermediate layer
Deep layer
107
All layers of the intrinsic muscles of the back are innervated by _______
Posterior rami of the spinal nerves
108
What muscles are part of the superficial layer of the intrinsic muscles of the back?
Splenius capitis and splenius cervicis
109
Where are the superficial; layer of intrinsic back muscles located?
On lateral and posterior portions of the neck, laterally flex, rotate and extend the head and neck
110
What muscles are potent sources of head aches?
Splenius capitis and cervicis
111
Semispinalis capitis is deep to splenius capitis and is often the cause of neck pain and headaches if pain is just ______ to the __________
Lateral to the spinous process
112
________ _______ massive extensor consisting of 3 groups that are found from the4 sacrum to the skull
Erector spinae
113
_______ ______ work to extend the spine or if only one side contracts to bring about lateral flexion
Erector spinae
114
___________ _______ lay on either side of the vertebral column
Erector spinae
115
What is the job of the erector spinae group?
To extend the vertebral column and maintain the normal curvature (posture) of the spine
116
All of the erector spinae originate from where?
The posterior sacrum
Sacroiliac ligaments
Sacral and lumbar spinous processes
Iliac crest
117
The ______ ______ group are the strongest muscles in the back and take on most of the work
Erector spinae
118
What are the three columns of the erector spinae group?
Iliocostalis
Longissimus
Spinalis
119
What is the primary cause of lower back pain?
Quadratus lumborum
120
What is the action of the quadratus lumborum?
Lifts ilium up and its important for balance.
AKA kip hiker muscle
121
Where does the quadratus lumborum refer pain to?
Refers pain into the sacroiliac joint
122
Quadratus lumborum causes ________ ________ of the trunk and depresses rib 12
Lateral flexion
123
What is the largest muscle that crosses the lumbosacral joint?
Quadratus lumborum
124
What is the function of deep layer intrinsic back?
Help to support posture and assist intermediate muscles in moving the spine
125
Deep layer intrinsic back muscles includes 3 muscles known as the ________ group
Transversospinal group
126
What are the 3 groups of the transversospinal group of the deep layer of intrinsic back muscles?
Semispinalis group
Multifidus
Rotatores
127
_________ are short triangular muscles that are most prominent in lumbar. Always angle superiorly and medially for 2-4 segments
Multifidus
128
What is part of the deep muscles of the spine/neck more lateral than spinalis?
Semispinalis
129
What is the thickest and strongest in thelumbar region?
Multifidus
130
What are the intervertebral muscles of the back?
Interspinalis
Intertransveralis
Rotatores
131
What si the action of the intervertebral muscles?
Slight extension or rotation
132
What are the 4 suboccipital muscles?
Obliquus capitis inferior
obliquus capitis superior
rectus capitis posterior major
rectus capitis posterior minor
133
What does the suboccipital triangle contain?
The first cervical nerve
The vertebral artery
A complex of veins
134
What forms the medial, lateral and inferiro border of the suboccipital triangle?
Inferior border: obliquus capitis inferior
Lateral border: obliquus capitis superior
Medial border: rectus capitis posterior major
135
What suboccipital muscles does NOT take part in the formation of the triangle?
Rectus capitis posterior minor
136
What muscles cause cervicogenic suboccipital head aches
Suboccipital triangle (obliquus capitis inferior and superior, rectus capitis posterior major and minor)
137
Where are the scalene muscles located? And their function?
On the lateral aspect of the cervical spine and
serve as frontal plane stabilizers along with the longissimus muscles posteriorly when they act as a group
138
Where do the anterior scalene muscles run from?
The first rib to the anterior tubercles of the transverse processes of C-3 to C-6
139
The anterior scalene muscles work with the _______ _________ to provide stability
Levator scapulae
140
The ______ and _______ scalene form a triangle through which the brachial plexus and subclavian artery and vein pass
Anterior and middle scalene
141
the site for compression on the neuromuscular structures by the _______ ______ muscle
Anterior scalene
142
Where does the middle scalene run from?
The first rib to the anterior tubercles of the TVP of C-3 to C-7
143
What muscles are laterally placed and theirline of pull makes them excellent frontal plane stabilizers?
Middle scalene
144
Where do the posterior scalene muscles run from?
The second rib to the posterior tubercles of the TVP of C-3 to C-7
145
What is the function of the posterior scalene muscles?
Predominately laterally flex the neck
146
Below the age of 40, the cortex supports ____ percent of the axial compressive load placed on it
45%
147
After the age of 40, the cortex supports _____ percent of the axial compressive load placed on it
65%
148
In ______ bone the inner layer of the bone is soft and spongy
Cancellous bone
149
________ bone is dense, outershell of the vertebra
_______ bone is inner, spongy bone
Cortical
Cancellous
150
Prior to the age of 40, the cancellous bone supports ________ percent of the compressive load
55%
151
After the age of 40, the cancellous bone supports ______ percent of the compressive load
35%
152
Bone density usually increased greatly during puberty and diminishes 35-30% between the ages of ______ and ______ years of age
20 and 80
153
The cortex before age 40: ________ %
After age 40:_______ %
45%
65%
154
Cancellous bone:
Before age 40: ________%
After age 40: ________%
55%
35%
155
What are the functions of the quadratus lumborum?
Extend vertebral column
| Laterally flex spine
156
What group of muscles function to rotate the spine to the opposite side?
Semispinalis (thoracis, cervicis, capitis)
157
What are the functions of the multifidus?
Extension
| Lateral flexion, rotation of spine to the opposite side
158
What is the nerve supply of the multifidus
Posterior ramus of all spinal nerves
159
What is the nerves supply and action of the longus capitis?
Flexes neck at atlantooccipital joint
Nerve supply: C2-C-6
160
What is the function of the rotatores?
Rotate vertebral column to opposite side.
| Help with proprioception
161
What is the nerve supply of the rotatores?
Posterior ramus of the spinal nerves in that area
162
What is between the TVPs of all the spinal vertebrae?
Intertransversari
163
What two muscles function to extend, lateral flexion and rotate the the head toward the same side?
Rectum capitis posterior major and minor
164
What is the nerve supply of the rectus capitis posterior major and minor?
Posterior ramus of the first cervical nerve
165
________ _______ _______ rotates atlas and skull around the odontoid process of C2. And turns head to same side.
Obliquus capitis inferior
166
What action does the obliquus capitis superior do?
Turns head to same side
167
What is the function of the scalene?
Flex neck and elevate rib cage
| Laterally flexes neck
168
What does the middle scalene function as?
Frontal plane stabilizers
169
______ ____ elevates first rib, flexes and rotates cervical vert to same side
Scalenus medius
170
_______ ____________ elevates the first rib in inspiration and bottom part contacts and anteriorly flexes, rotates C-spine to the same side
Scalenus Anticus
171
What elevates the 2nd rib in inspiration, laterally flexes and rotates cervical spine to the same side?
Scalenus posterior
172
What is the function of interspinalis?
Extension of spinal column
173
What is nerve supply for the splenius muscles (cervicis and capitis)
C- 4,5,6 (7,8)
174
What muscle aids in respiration by raising ribs during inspiration?
Serratus posterior superior
175
What muscle aids in respiration by pulling down or depressing the ribs during expiration?
Serratus posterior inferior
176
What nerves supply the levator scapulae?
C3 and C4 and dorsal scapular nerve
177
What muscle helps extend the cervical spine and allows for lateral flexion and rotation of the neck to the same side. Also helps elevate the scapula?
Levator scapulae
178
What is the nerve supply of the latissimus dorsi?
Thoracodorsal nerve
179
What muscles adducts scapula so that the inferior angle of the scapula moves medially and holds scapula to the trunk?
Rhomboid major and minor
180
What is the nerve supply for the rhomboids?
Dorsal scapular nerve
