Unit 1 - 8

Question 1

Ectoderm

Answer 1

Outer most layer in developing embryo (3 layers, the outermost); gives rise to nervous system

Question 2

Neural tube

Answer 2

Beginning of the emergence of the CNS, differentiate into the forebrain, midbrain, and Hindbrain early on. Inside of tube becomes the ventricles

Question 3

Forebrain

Answer 3

Cortex, thalamus, hypothalamus

Question 4

Midbrain

Answer 4

Topmost part of brainstem

Question 5

Hindbrain

Answer 5

Pons, medulla, cerebellum

Question 6

Embryo

Answer 6

Developing human, first 10 weeks after fertilization

Question 7

Fetus

Answer 7

Developing human, 11 weeks until birth

Question 8

Synaptogenesis

Answer 8

Establishment of synaptic connections as axons and dendrites grow

Question 9

Apoptosis

Answer 9

Programmed cell death 

Question 10

Nervous system development: Stage 1 - Neurogenesis

Answer 10

Mitotic division of non-neuronal cells in the ventricular zone to produce neurons 

Question 11

Nervous system development: Stage 2 - Cell migration

Answer 11

Nerve cells move to appropriate locations to establish distinct nerve cell populations 

Question 12

Nervous system development: Stage 3 - cell differentiation

Answer 12

Cells refine into distinctive types of neurons or glial cells (occurs through gene expression)

Question 13

Nervous system development: Stage 4 - synaptogenesis

Answer 13

Establishment of synaptic connections as axons and dendrites grow

Question 14

Nervous system development: Stage 5 - neuronal cell death

Answer 14

Selective death of many nerve cells (apoptosis - programmed communication with other cells)

Question 15

Nervous system development: Stage 6 - synapse rearrangement

Answer 15

Loss of some synapses and development of others, refine synaptic connections (cell-cell interactions), extends throughout our lifespan 

Question 16

Cells born in

Answer 16

Ventricular zone

Question 17

Why is apoptosis important?

Answer 17

Trophic factors

Question 18

Fragile X Syndrome

Answer 18

Caused by an X chromosome that has an area prone to breakage leading to its dysfunction (brains have excess synaptic connections)

Question 19

Binocular deprivation

Answer 19

For a few weeks during the sensitive period will render an animal blind for life (eyes work but brain can’t process it)

Question 20

Monocular deprivation

Answer 20

Will prevent perception from the deprived eye

Question 21

Genotype

Answer 21

Genetic make up, encoded by DNA and present from birth, immutable 

Question 22

Phenotype

Answer 22

Characteristics that make up a person (anatomical, physiological, behavioral)

Question 23

Phenylketonuria (PKU)

Answer 23

• Phenotype alteration by behavior
• genetic mutation, cannot metabolize particular amino acid, builds up toxic level in brain, causing intellectual disability, part of genotype 
  -eating certain foods low in affected amino acid, intellectual disability can be eliminated (behavior determines phenotype)

Question 24

Epigenetics

Answer 24

• Form of modulating phenotype without changing genotype, changes gene expression (whether gene is activated or not)
• changes how much of a protein is present to do cellular work, affects brain development 

Question 25

Black and white rat epigentic experiment

Answer 25

Transferring black6 rat embryos to a black rat female and a white rat female and having pups raised by both mothers in each case

Question 26

Alzheimer’s disease 

Answer 26

Type of dementia, drastic failure of cognitive ability, including memory failure and loss of orientation 

Question 27

Alzheimer’s disease causes

Answer 27

Cortical atrophy (tissue dying), amyloid plaques, fibrous tangles in the brain