- like levers - for movement - longer than it is wide - i.e femur, tibia

- v. light, small, strong - stability & support - not much movement - i.e. carpals and tarsals

- protect - creates area for muscle attachment - i.e. scapula, pelvis, cranium

- special function - i.e. vertebrae

- joint via fibrous connective tissue - fixed/immovable - i.e cranium

- number of different parts - freely movable - i.e. elbow, shoulder (scapula+humerus+clavicle), knee, hip

UNIT 1 Flashcards by Marina Camblor

LONG BONES (4)

like levers
for movement
longer than it is wide
i.e femur, tibia

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SHORT BONES (4)

v. light, small, strong
stability & support
not much movement
i.e. carpals and tarsals

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FLAT BONES (3)

protect
creates area for muscle attachment
i.e. scapula, pelvis, cranium

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IRREGULAR (2)

special function

- i.e. vertebrae

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DEFINE PLATELETS

blood cells that clot together for the healing of a wound in the skin

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DEFINE RED BLOOD CELLS

transport oxygen that the performer needs to work aerobically

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DEFINE WHITE BLOOD CELLS

help prevent infections, keeps performer healthy

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SKELETON DEFINITION

internal framework of the body made up of 206 bones.

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DEFINE BONE

a hard, whitish, living tissue that makes up the skeleton; bones are lightweight but strong and perform many functions

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4 FUNcTIONS OF SKELETAL SYSTEM

shape and support
blood production
movement
protection of vital organs

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Skeletal system in shape and support

The skeleton forms a FRAME where MUSCLES ATTACH and ORGANS SIT

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Skeletal system in movement

As muscles attach to skeleton, MOVEMENT occurs when MUSCLES CONTRACT. This pulls on the bone, making it move at the joint.

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Example of movement

Bicep lets us move our arm as it’s connected to shoulder and elbow joints.

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Example of shape and support

We can stand upright (thanks to our backbone)

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Skeletal system in protection

Protects vital organs

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Example of protection

Ribs protect lungs/ heart

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Skeletal system in blood production

Large bones have red blood marrow which produces red blood cells

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Example of blood production

Blood is produced in the pelvis and femur

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What is a joint?

A point where 2 or more bones are joined in a way that permits movement

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FIBROUS JOINTS (3)

joint via fibrous connective tissue
fixed/immovable
i.e cranium

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CARTILAGINOUS JOINT (3)

linked by ligaments and cartilage (absorbing movement)
slightly movable
i.e ribcage

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SYNOVIAL JOINT (3)

number of different parts
freely movable
i.e. elbow, shoulder (scapula+humerus+clavicle), knee, hip

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2 TYPES OF SYNOVIAL JOINT

ball and socket

- hinge

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BALL AND SOCKET JOINT

shoulders and hip
large range of motion/ movement in any direction
less stable (= more prone to injuries)
i.e. overhead clear in badminton

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HINGE

- like door handle– allows you to bend/ straighten your arms/ legs - elbows and knees - movement= 1 direction i. e a jumpshot in basketball

ISOTONIC MUSCLE MOVEMENTS (2)

- ECCENTRIC | - CONCENTRIC

What is eccentric muscle movement

When the muscle extends while contracting

What is concentric muscle movement

When the muscle shortens while contracting

MUSCLE MOVEMENT IN BICEP CURL UPWARDS

- biceps concentrically contract | - triceps eccentrically contract

ISOMETRIC MUSCLE MOVEMENT

- contracts, but DOESN'T CHANGE LENGTH

Example of isometric muscle contraction

In a plank, muscles contract put stay in the same position/ length

What are antagonistic muscle pairs?

When 1 relaxes and 1 tenses

Arms example of antagonistic muscle pairs

In bicep curl up, bicep= agonist, tricep= antagonist

DOES THE AGONIST RELAX OR TENSE?

tense

DOES THE ANTAGONIST RELAX OR TENSE?

relax

Other example of antagonistic muscle pairs

When elbows brought together (in front), pectorals= agonist, latissimus dorsi= antagonist

8 Movement types (in their pairs)

Flexion and Extension, Rotation and Circumduction, Abduction and Adduction, Plantarflexion and Dorsiflexion

What is Rotation

- turning a limb along its axis - i.e. neck - i.e. tennis serve

What is Circumduction

Where limbs move in circle (rotation+other joint action) | -i.e. shoulder, bowling in cricket

What is Flexion

- making angle smaller at joint | - i.e. elbow in bicep curl upwards

What is Extension

- making angle bigger at a joint | i. e. knee in kicking a football

What is Abduction

- moving away from centre line of body | - i.e shoulder in pitcher spinning baseball

What is Adduction

- adding limbs to centre line of body | - i.e. shoulder in someone swimming butterfly

What is Plantarflexion

- point toes | - i.e. ankle when gymnast pointing toes

What is Dorsiflexion

- flex toes | - i.e. ankle in sprinters' feet at the starting block

What is the ORIGIN

where muscle joins a stationary bone

What is the INSERTION

Where muscle joins a moving bone

ORIGIN AND INSERTION OF BICEP MUSCLE

``` origin= scapula (shoulder joint) insertion= radius (elbow) ```

ORIGIN AND INSERTION OF TRICEPS

origin= scapula (shoulder) | insertion=ulna (elbow)

ORIGIN AND INSERTION OF HAMSTRING

``` origin= femur (hip) insertion= tibia (knee) ```

ORIGIN AND INSERTION OF QUADRICEPS

origin= femur (hip) | insertion=tibia (knee)

ORIGIN AND INSERTION OF TIBIALIS ANTERIOR

origin= tibia (knee) | insertion=tarsals (ankle)

ORIGIN AND INSERTION OF GASTROCNEMIUS

``` origin= femur (knee) insertion= (as the achilles tendon) heel (ankle) ```

SLOW TWITCH FIBRES

- contract slowly - produce little amount of force - higher fatigue tolerance - good for endurance - AEROBIC EXERCISE

FAST TWITCH FIBRES

- contract quickly - produce large amount of force - lower fatigue tolerance - good for strength and power - ANAEROBIC EXERCISE

EXAMPLE OF WHEN SLOW TWITCH FIBRES ARE USED

- walking to school - biking to school - gentle rowing exercise - long distance running

EXAMPLE OF WHEN FAST TWITCH FIBRES ARE USED

- throwing a punch in boxing - long jump - short distance swimming - last 100 m of a bike race

What are ligaments?

- strong elastic fibres | - connect bones to other bones

Tendons

connect muscle to bone

Parts of SYNOVIAL JOINT

muscle, bone, tendon, cartilage, synovial fluid, synovial membrane, joint capsule, ligament

CARTILAGE'S JOB

Cartilage protects 2 bones from knocking on each other– acts like a cushion. i.e. the cartilage in the knee joint protects the femur, patella and tibia/fibula from knocking on each other

UNIT 1 Flashcards

(61 cards)