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OCR PE > Unit 1 (Body Systems): Cardiovascular System) > Flashcards

Unit 1 (Body Systems): Cardiovascular System) Flashcards

1
Q

Define atrium.

A

Receiving chamber, taking blood from either the body or the lungs.

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2
Q

Define ventricle.

A

The pumping chamber, blood is ejected to either the body or the lungs.

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3
Q

Define valves.

A

Prevent backflow of blood.

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4
Q

Define stroke volume.

A

Volume of blood pumped out of the left ventricle per contraction.

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5
Q

Define heart rate.

A

Number of times the heart beats per minute (bpm).

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6
Q

Define cardiac output.

A

Volume of blood pumped out of the heart per minute (CO = SV x HR).

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7
Q

Define the double pump system.

A

Both sides work at the same time.

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8
Q

What transports blood from the lungs to the left atrium?

A

Pulmonary vein.

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9
Q

What transports blood from the left ventricle to the body?

A

Aorta.

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10
Q

What transports blood from the body to the right atrium?

A

Vena cava.

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11
Q

What transports blood from the right ventricle back to the lungs?

A

Pulmonary artery.

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12
Q

What is the function of the bicuspid valve?

A

Prevents backflow of blood from the left ventricle to the left atrium.

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13
Q

What is the function of the semi-lunar aortic?

A

Prevents backflow of blood from the aorta to the left ventricle.

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14
Q

What is the function of the tricuspid valve?

A

Prevents backflow of blood from the right ventricle to the right atrium.

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15
Q

What is the function of the semi-lunar pulmonary valve?

A

Prevents backflow of blood from the pulmonary artery to the right ventricle.

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16
Q

What are the two systems in the heart called?

A

Systemic and pulmonary.

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17
Q

What is the typical stroke volume of an adult?

A

70ml (50-100ml range)

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18
Q

What is the typical heart rate?

A

60-80bpm

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19
Q

What is the typical resting cardiac output value?

A

5l/min

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20
Q

How do you work out maximum heart rate?

A

220-age

21
Q

What are pre-capillary sphincters?

A

Contained in arterioles to support the redistribution of blood.

22
Q

What is venous return?

A

Return of blood back to the heart.

23
Q

Describe arteries

A

Carry blood away from the body
Always oxygenated apart from the Pulmonary Artery (heart to lungs) which is deoxygenated.
Thick muscular wall
Small lumen (passageway of blood)
Contain blood under high pressure.

24
Q

Describe veins

A

Carry blood to the heart
Always deoxygenated apart from the Pulmonary Vein which carry oxygenated blood from lungs to heart
Larger lumen
Contain blood under low pressure therefore contain valves to prevent the backflow of blood.

25
Q

Describe venules

A

Vessels that connect veins to capillaries
(Smaller veins)

26
Q

Describe arterioles

A

Vessels that connect arteries to capillaries
(Smaller arteries)

27
Q

Describe capillaries

A

One cell thick - to maximise the rate of diffusion.
Very thin walls.
Surrounds alveoli and muscle tissues

28
Q

What are arteries?

A

Large vessels that carry blood away from the heart.

29
Q

What are arterioles?

A

Connect arteries to capillaries, smaller version of arteries.

30
Q

What are capillaries?

A

Vessels that are one cell thick, which enables nutrients and gases to pass through them.

31
Q

What are venules?

A

Vessels that connect capillaries to veins, smaller version of veins.

32
Q

What are veins?

A

Vessels that have a large lumen, with valves inside to prevent the backflow of blood.

33
Q

Define tunica

A

Layer or sheath (latin term)

34
Q

What is the adventia/externa?

A

Outside layer of an artery or vein

35
Q

What is the media?

A

Middle layer of an artery or vein

36
Q

What is the intima?

A

The inside layer of an artery or vein, the only layer of a capillary.

37
Q

What is the lumen?

A

Space in the inside of an artery, vein or capillary which blood passes through.

38
Q

What is vein placement?

A

Veins are often located within the muscles or between muscle and bones. The advantage to this is that as the muscles contract they also squeeze the veins. Combined with the pocket valves, this is an effective way to return venous blood back to the heart.

39
Q

Describe oxygen

A

(O2), A key element in aerobic production of energy.

40
Q

Describe Carbon Dioxide`

A

(CO2), The by-product of aerobic energy production.

41
Q

Describe haemoglobin

A

(Hb), The part of blood that carries oxygen.

42
Q

Describe oxyhaemoglobin

A

(HbO2), The name given to haemoglobin when carrying oxygen.

43
Q

Describe white blood cells

A

The cells in the blood responsible for protecting you from infection and disease.

44
Q

Describe platelets

A

The cells that stop you from bleeding when you cut yourself.

45
Q

Describe plasma

A

The fluid that enables all the other cells to move around the body.

46
Q

What are the short term effects of physical activity on the cardiovascular system?

A

Increases the heart rate, stroke volume and cardiac output.
Harder the work the greater the rise.
Intensity and duration related to their fitness.

47
Q

What are the long term effects of physical activity on the cardiovascular system?

A

Cardiovascular system adapt to these changes.
Increases the resting and exercising stroke volume.
Resting heart rate is reduced and maximal cardiac output is increased.

48
Q

How does a warm up help the cardiovascular system?

A

Increasing heart rate, increases venous return which then increases stroke volume.
Increased cardiac output and the respiratory and muscle pumps are activated.

OCR PE (11 decks)

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