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OCR PE > Unit 1 (Body Systems): Skeletal System > Flashcards

Unit 1 (Body Systems): Skeletal System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two types of skeletons?

A

Axial and appendicular

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2
Q

What is the function of the axial skeleton?

A

Centre core to protect organs within it

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3
Q

What are the 8 bones that make up the axial skeleton?

A

Cranium, sternum, ribs, vertebral column (Cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacrum, coccyx)

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4
Q

What is the function of the vertebral column?

A

26 bones, 5 regions which provide protection for the spinal cord and enables movement

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5
Q

How many bones are there in each section of the vertebral column?

A

C - 7
T - 12
L - 5
S - 5
C - 4

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6
Q

What type of joint is the cervical part of the vertebral column?

A

Atlas and axis (pivot joint).
Slightly moveable, cartilaginous joint.

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7
Q

What type of joints are in the thoracic and lumbar?

A

Slightly moveable, cartilaginous.

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8
Q

What type of joints are in the sacrum and coccyx?

A

Fixed and fused.

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9
Q

Function of the cervical section of the VC.

A

Movement.

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10
Q

Function of the thoracic section of the VC.

A

Protection.

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11
Q

Function of the lumbar section of the VC.

A

Movement and weight bearing.

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12
Q

Function of the sacrum section of the VC.

A

Attachment of the upper and lower body. Attaches to pelvis.
Weightbearing.

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13
Q

Function of the coccyx section of the VC.

A

Protection.
Attachment of the upper and lower body.

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14
Q

What type of bone is the VC?

A

Irregular

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15
Q

Movement at the cervical section of the VC.

A

Nodding, little rotation.

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16
Q

Movement at the thoracic section of the VC.

A

Less/Limited

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17
Q

Movement at the lumbar section of the VC.

A

(Lateral) flexion and (lateral) extension.

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18
Q

Movement at the sacrum and coccyx section of the VC.

A

None.

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19
Q

What is the function of the appendicular skeleton?

A

Allow movement of the body.

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20
Q

What is the function of the pelvis?

A

Connects the vertebral column to the femur.
Provide protection for the lower abdomen and reproductive organs.

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21
Q

What bones make up the pelvis?

A

Illium, ischium, pubis.

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22
Q

What are the 6 functions of the skeleton?

A

Shape, support, protection, movement, blood cell production and mineral storage.

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23
Q

Describe shape as a function of the skeleton.

A

Provide shape helping determine the shape of our face to our height. E.g. Femur length.

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24
Q

Describe support as a function of the skeleton.

A

Support for organs, attachment point (ribs to sternum).

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25
Q

Describe protection as a function of the skeleton.

A

Essential protection (Brain protected by the cranium)

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26
Q

Describe movement as a function of the skeleton.

A

Attachment point for muscles with joints.

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27
Q

Describe blood cell production as a function of the skeleton.

A

Central core of marrow of long bones where RB and WBCs can be used for functions like nerve transmissions and metabolism.

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28
Q

What are the 5 types of bones?

A

Long, short, flat, sesamoid and irregular.

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29
Q

Describe long bones.

A

Bones that are longer than they are wide (femur).

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30
Q

Function of long bones.

A

Storing minerals, movement and blood cell production.

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31
Q

Describe short bones.

A

Bones that are short and almost cube-like in shape (carpals and tarsals).

32
Q

Function of short bones.

A

Weightbearing.

33
Q

Describe flat bones.

A

Flatter than they are wide. (Scapula)

34
Q

Function of flat bones.

A

Protection.

35
Q

Describe sesamoid bones.

A

Similar to short bones but found within a tendon (patella).

36
Q

Function of sesamoid bones.

A

To reduce friction.

37
Q

Describe irregular bones.

A

Bones that do not fit into any other category (vertebrae).

38
Q

What are the 3 classifications of joints?

A

Fixed and fused, slightly moveable/cartilaginous, freely moveable/synovial joints.

39
Q

Define fixed and fused joints.

A

Allow no movement.
E.g. cranium, sacrum, coccyx and pelvis

40
Q

Define slightly moveable cartilaginous joints.

A

These join bones together with cartilage only, allowing small movements.
E.g. Vertebrae

41
Q

Define freely moveable synovial joints.

A

6 types.
Allow a much greater range of movement.
E.g. Femur and Pelvis

42
Q

Name the 6 types of synovial joints

A

Hinge
Ball and socket
Pivot
Condyloid
Saddle
Gliding

43
Q

Hinge joints

A

Elbow and knee
Allow movement in ONE plane
Extension and flexion

44
Q

Ball and socket joint

A

Allow movement in four planes
Rotate in all directions
E.g. Shoulder and hip

45
Q

Pivot joint

A

Movement in one plane
Rotation and nodding at the atlas and axis of the neck

46
Q

Condyloid joint

A

Appearance of a shallow pestle and mortar
Movement in three planes
Wrists

47
Q

Gliding joint

A

Two relatively flat bones
Little movement
E.g. lower Vertebrae

48
Q

Name all structures of synovial joints

A

Articular cartilage
Ligaments
Synovial membrane
Synovial fluid
Menisci
Pads of fat
Bursae
Joint capsules

49
Q

Define articular cartilage

A

Hard, smooth and bluish
White colour
Smooth and glossy consistency, reducing friction between bone ends

50
Q

Ligaments

A

Stabiliser
Very strong and slightly elastic
Hold two ends of bone together ensuring stability while enabling movement

51
Q

Define synovial membrane

A

Lunes they synovial joint producing and containing the synovial fluid within it

52
Q

Define synovial fluid

A

Thick white fluid that lubricated the joint to reduce friction

53
Q

Define menisci

A

Pads of tissue between articular cartilage and sit within synovial fluid.
Shock absorbers

54
Q

Define pads of fat

A

Friction absorbers
Fill the space below patella

55
Q

Define bursae

A

Small sacks filled with fluid
Where skin, ligaments or bones could cause friction

56
Q

Define joint capsules

A

Protective layers around a joint

57
Q

Describe flexion

A

Decreasing the angle of a joint (Upwards face of a bicep curl)

58
Q

Describe extension

A

Increasing the angle of a joint (eg downwards phase of a bicep curl)

59
Q

Define lateral flexión

A

Movement of the spine laterally away from the midline of the body (eg cartwheel)

60
Q

Define abduction

A

Moving a body part away from the midline of the body (eg goalkeeping save)

61
Q

Define adduction

A

Moving a body part towards the midline of the body (eg a star jump)

62
Q

Define horizontal abduction

A

Moving a body part away from the body on a horizontal plane (tennis serve)

63
Q

Define horizontal adduction

A

Moving a body part towards the midline of the body on a horizontal plane (hitting a tennis ball)

64
Q

Define horizontal flexion

A

Decreasing the angle of a joint on a horizontal plane (goalkeeping save)

65
Q

Define horizontal extension

A

Increasing the angle of a joint on a horizontal plane (goalkeeping save)

66
Q

Define medial rotation

A

Rotational movement towards the midline of the body (tennis serve)

67
Q

Define lateral rotation

A

Rotational movement away from the midline of the body (tennis serve)

68
Q

Define circumduction

A

Rotation combined with flexion extension abduction and adduction (cricket bowl or butterfly swimming)

69
Q

Define pronation

A

Palm of hands downwards (handstand)

70
Q

Define supination

A

Palm of hands upwards (bicep curl)

71
Q

Define dorsi flexion

A

Action or pulling toes up to the tibia (long jumper)

72
Q

Define plantar flexion

A

Action of pointing your toes upwards (gymnastics)

73
Q

Short term impact on the skeletal system from exercise

A

Increased production of synovial fluid
Reduces impact and increases range of movement

74
Q

Long term positive impact on the skeletal system from exercise

A

Improved bone density
Improved strength of ligaments
Decreases risk of osteoporosis
Increases range of movement and flexibility
Increased stability of joints
Increases thickness of cartilage
Improved posture

75
Q

Long term negative impacts on the skeletal system from exercise

A

Stress fractures
Lower back pain
Increased risk of osteoarthritis
Overuse injuries (tennis elbow/shin splints)
Fractures and dislocations

OCR PE (11 decks)

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