Unit 1 (Body Systems): Respiratory System

Question 1

Define nasal cavity

Answer 1

The nose.
Entry point of air - 70% of the air inhaled is through this way.

Question 2

What does the mucous in the nasal cavity do?

Answer 2

The mucous membrane and cilia in your nose warms, filters and moistens the air to prepare it for entry into the lungs.

Question 3

Define pharynx

Answer 3

Lies at the back of the throat
Where your mouth, nasal cavity and throat join together.

Question 4

Define epiglottis

Answer 4

Cartilaginous structure that forms a flap at the back of the throat to cover the oesophagus when you are breathing so air doesn’t enter into the stomach and food cannot enter the lungs and choke you.

Question 5

Define larynx

Answer 5

Voice box
Where speech is created .
Air moves over the vocal cords where they are moved and adjusted by the muscles to create sounds and words.

Question 6

Define trachea

Answer 6

Tube that connects the pharynx to the larynx.
Structure of C shaped cartilage that runs down the front of the trachea. keeping it open.

Question 7

Define bronchi

Answer 7

Bronchi branch out from the left and and right of the trachea and lead into the lungs.

Question 8

Define bronchioles

Answer 8

Branch off bronchi into the lobes of the lungs. Become increasingly smaller into 5-6 alveoli sacks.

Question 9

Define alveoli

Answer 9

Small, grape like structures in the lungs covered in a bed of capillaries.
Approximately 700 million alveoli in the lungs.
Place of gaseous exchange.

Question 10

Define sternocleidomastoid

Answer 10

Muscle that pulls the collar bone higher to increase the size of the thoracic cavity.

Question 11

Define pectoralis major

Answer 11

This is the muscle that helps to reduce the size of the thoracic cavity by squeezing the ribs in.

Question 12

What muscles contract in order to inspire?

Answer 12

External intercostal muscles

Question 13

When the external intercostal muscles contract what happens?

Answer 13

Increases the volume of the lungs by stretching them, decreasing the pressure of the lungs.

Question 14

What additional muscles work during breathing during physical activity and what do these muscles do?

Answer 14

Sternocleidomastoid
Scalene
Pectoralis major
Help to pull the clavicle upwards and outwards

Question 15

What are the differences between internal and external intercostal muscles?

Answer 15

The internal intercostals bring the ribs down during forced expiration. The external intercostals elevate the ribs in inspiration.

Question 16

Describe what happens during inspiration

Answer 16

Sternocleidomastoid contracts to lift the sternum outwards
Diaphragm contracts
Rib cage moves up and out
Thoracic cavity increases
Pressure decreases

Question 16

Describe what happens during inspiration

Answer 16

Sternocleidomastoid contracts to lift the sternum outwards
Diaphragm contracts
Rib cage moves up and out
Thoracic cavity increases
Pressure decreases

Question 17

Describe what happens during expiration

Answer 17

Pectoralis major contracts
Diaphragm relaxes
Rib cage moves in and down
Thoracic cavity decreases
Pressure increases

Question 18

Describe tidal volume

Answer 18

The volume of air inspired or expired per breath

Question 19

What is the average tidal volume

Answer 19

500ml

Question 20

Define frequency

Answer 20

Rate, the number of breaths taken in one minute.

Question 21

What is the average breathing frequency?

Answer 21

12-15 breaths

Question 22

Define minute ventilation

Answer 22

The volume of air inspired or expired in one minute.

Question 23

What is the average minute ventilation?

Answer 23

5-7L/min

Question 24

Minute ventilation equation:

Answer 24

MV = TV x F

Question 25

What happens to tidal volume during exercise?

Answer 25

Increases up to around 3-4L

Question 26

What happens to breathing frequency during exercise?

Answer 26

Increases to 40-60

Question 27

Define inspiratory reserve volume

Answer 27

The volume of air available that could be inspired after tidal br.

Question 28

Define expiratory reserve volume

Answer 28

The volume of air available that could be expired after tidal volume.

Question 29

Define residual volume

Answer 29

The volume of air that is left in the lungs after total forced expiration

Question 30

Define vital capacity

Answer 30

The total volume of air that can be inspired or expired

Question 31

Define total lung capacity

Answer 31

The total volume of lungs at maximum inflation, calculated by TLC = Residual volume + Vital capacity

Question 32

What are the short term effects of exercise on the respiratory system?

Answer 32

Increased volume of air inspired per breath.
Increased frequency of breaths per min.
More O2 in
More CO2 out
Increased breathing rate

Question 33

What are the long term effects of exercise on the respiratory system?

Answer 33

Hypertrophy of capillaries around alveoli.
Diaphragm and intercostal muscles stronger allowing ribcage to go higher allowing more air into the lungs.

Question 34

Role of the rectus abdomius in breathing

Answer 34

Increase volume of air expired
Pulls down the sternum and rib cage
Decreasing volume of the thoracic cavity