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AP Psych > Unit 1: History and Approaches > Flashcards

Unit 1: History and Approaches Flashcards

1
Q

Critical Thinking

A

Don’t “take it how it is” or blindly accept arguments and conclusions

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2
Q

Empiricism

A

Idea that knowledge comes from experience, and that observation and experimentation enable scientific knowledge

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3
Q

Structuralism

A

Early school of thought, promoted by Wundt and Titchener, that used introspection to reveal the structure of the human mind

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4
Q

Introspection

A

Process of looking inward in an attempt to directly observe one’s own psychological processes

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5
Q

Functionalism

A

Early school of thought, promoted by James and influenced by Darwin, that explored how mental and behavioural processes enable the organism to adapt, survive, and flourish

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6
Q

Behaviourism

A

View that psychology
1. Should be an objective science that
2. Studies behaviour without reference to mental processes
Modern psychologists agree with 1 but not 2

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7
Q

Humanistic Psychology

A

Historically significant perspective that emphasized human growth potential

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8
Q

Cognitive Psychology

A

Study of mental processes, such as when we perceive, learn, remember, think, communicate, and solve problems

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9
Q

Cognitive Neuroscience

A

Interdisciplinary study of brain activity linked with cognition (including perception, thinking, memory, and language)

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10
Q

Psychology

A

The science of behaviour and mental processes

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11
Q

Nature-Nurture issue

A

Longstanding controversy over the relative contributions that genes and experience make to the development of psychological traits and behaviours

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12
Q

Natural Selection

A

Principle that inherited traits that better enable an organism to survive and reproduce will (in competition with other trait variations) most likely be passed down to succeeding generations

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13
Q

Evolutionary Psychology

A

The study of the evolution of behaviour and the mind, using principles of natural selection

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14
Q

Behaviour Genetics

A

Study of the relative power and limits of genetic and environmental influences on behaviour

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15
Q

Culture

A

Enduring behaviours, ideas, attitudes, values, and traditions shared by a group of people and transmitted from one generation to the next

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16
Q

Positive Psychology

A

Scientific study of human flourishing, with the goals of discovering and promoting strengths and virtues that help individuals and communities to thrive

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17
Q

Biopsychosocial Approach

A

Integrated approach that incorporates biological, psychological, and social-cultural viewpoints

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18
Q

Behavioural Psychology

A

Scientific study of observable behaviour, and its explanation by principles of learning

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19
Q

Biological Psychology

A

Scientific study of the links between biological (genetic, neural, hormonal) and psychological processes

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20
Q

Psychodynamic Psychology

A

Branch of psychology that studies how unconscious drives and conflicts influence behaviour and uses that information to treat people with psychological disorders

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21
Q

Social-Cultural Psychology

A

Study of how situations and cultures affect our behaviour and thinking

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22
Q

Testing Effect

A

Enhanced memory after retrieving, rather than simply rereading, information

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23
Q

SQ3R

A

Study method with 5 steps: Survey, Question, Read, Retrieve, Review

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24
Q

Psychometrics

A

Scientific study of the measurement of human abilities, attitudes, and traits

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25
Q

Basic Research

A

Pure science that aims to increase the scientific knowledge base

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26
Q

Developmental Psychology

A

Branch of psychology that studies physical, cognitive, and social change throughout the life span

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27
Q

Educational Psychology

A

Study of how psychological processes affect and can enhance teaching and learning

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28
Q

Personality Psychology

A

An I/O psychology subfield that helps with job seeking, and with employee recruitment, selection, placement, training, appraisal, and development

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29
Q

Social Psychology

A

Scientific study of how we think about, influence, and relate to one another

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30
Q

Applied Research

A

Scientific study that aims to solve practical problems

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31
Q

Industrial-Organizational Psychology

A

Application of psychological concepts and methods to optimize human behaviour in workplaces

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32
Q

Human Factors Psychology

A

Field of psychology allied with I/O psychology that explores how people and machines interact and how machines and physical environment can be made safe and easy to use

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33
Q

Counseling Psychology

A

Branch of psychology that assists people with problems in living (often related to school, work, or marriage) and in achieving greater well-being

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34
Q

Clinical Psychology

A

Branch of psychology that studies, assesses, and treats people with psychological disorders

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35
Q

Psychiatry

A

Branch of medicine dealing with psychological disorders; practised by physicians who are licensed to provide medical treatments as well as psychological therapy

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36
Q

Community Psychology

A

Branch of psychology that studies how people interact with their social environments and how social institutions affect individuals and groups

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37
Q

Wilhelm Wundt

A

“Father of Psychology” and established the first psychological laboratory at the University of Leipzig, Germany

38
Q

G. Stanley Hall

A

Established the first formal U.S. psychological laboratory at John Hopkins University

39
Q

Edward Bradford Tichener

A

One of Wundt’s students who introduced structuralism and introspection

40
Q

William James

A

Considered the evolved functions of our thoughts and feelings in the field of functionalism

41
Q

Charles Darwin

A

Evolutionary theorist who developed theories of natural selection

42
Q

Mary Whiton Calkins

A

First female president of the APA (American Psychological Association)

43
Q

Margaret Floy Washburn

A

First woman to recieve a Ph.D. in psychology

44
Q

John B. Watson

A

Championed psychology as the scientific study of behaviour and conducted the “Little Albert” study

45
Q

B.F. Skinner

A

Leading behaviourist who rejected introspection and studied how consequences of reinforcement and punishment shape behaviour

46
Q

Sigmund Freud

A

Founder of psychoanalytic psychology who studied the ways our unconscious mind and childhood experiences affect our behaviour

47
Q

Carl Rogers

A

Humanistic psychologist who emphasized personal growth potential as a rejection of the psychoanalytic approach

48
Q

Abraham Moslow

A

Humanistic psychologist who developed the hierarchy of needs

49
Q

Ivan Pavlov

A

Russian physiologist who pioneered the study of classical conditioning learning

50
Q

Jean Piaget

A

Cognitive psychologist who developed the most influential theories of cognitive development in children

51
Q

Dorothea Dix

A

Advocated for more humane treatment of patients with psychological health needs

52
Q

Hindsight Bias

A

The tendency, after learning an outcome, that one would have foreseen it. (AKA the I-knew-it-all-along phenomenon)

53
Q

Theory

A

An explanation using an integrated set of principles that organizes observations and predicts behaviours or events

54
Q

Hypothesis

A

A testable prediction, often implied by a theory

55
Q

Operational Definition

A

A carefully worded statement of the exact procedures used in a research study
EX: human intelligence may be operationally defined as what an intelligence test measures

56
Q

Replication

A

Repeating the essence of a research study, usually with different participants in different situations, to see whether the basic finding can be reproduced

57
Q

Case Study

A

A descriptive technique in which one individual or group is studied in depth in the hope of revealing universal principles

58
Q

Naturalistic Observation

A

Descriptive technique of observing and recording behaviour in naturally occurring situation without trying to manipulate or control the situation

59
Q

Survey

A

Descriptive technique for obtaining the self-reported attitudes or behaviour of a particular group, usually by questioning a representative, random sample of the group

60
Q

Sampling Bias

A

A flawed sampling process that produces an unrepresentative sample

61
Q

Population

A

All those in a group being studied, from which samples may be drawn

62
Q

Random Sample

A

A sample that fairly represents a population because each member has an equal chance of inclusion

63
Q

Correlation

A

A measure of the extent to which two factors vary together, and thus of how well either factor predicts the other

64
Q

Correlation Coefficient

A

Statistical index of the relationship between two things (from -1.00 to +1.00)

65
Q

Variable

A

Anything that can vary and is feasible and ethical to measure

66
Q

Scatterplot

A

A graphed cluster of dots, each of which represents the values of two variables. The slope of the points suggests the direction of the relationship between two variables. The amount of scatter suggests the strength of the correlation

67
Q

Illusory Correlation

A

Perceiving a relationship where none exists, or perceive a stronger-than-actual relationship

68
Q

Regression Towards the Mean

A

The tendency for extreme or unusual scores or events to fall back (regress) towards the average

69
Q

Experiment

A

A research method in which a investigator manipulates one or more factors (independent variables) to observe the effect of some behaviour or mental process (the dependent variable). By random assignment of participants, the experiential aims to control other relevant factors

70
Q

Experimental Group

A

In an experiment, the group exposed to the treatment, that is, to one version of the independent variable

71
Q

Control Group

A

In an experiment, the group not exposed to the treatment; contrasts with the experimental group and serves as a comparison for evaluating the effect of the treatment

72
Q

Random Assignment

A

Assigning participants to experimental and control groups by chance, thus minimizing preexisting differences between the different groups

73
Q

Double-Blind Procedure

A

Experimental procedure in which both the research participants and the research staff are ignorant about whether the research participants have received the treatment or placebo.

74
Q

Placebo

A

Experimental results caused by expectations alone; any effect on behaviour caused by the administration of an inert substance or condition,which the recipient assumes is an active agent

75
Q

Independent Variable

A

In an experiment, the factor that is manipulated

76
Q

Dependent Variable

A

In an experiment, the outcome that is measured

77
Q

Validity

A

The extend to which a test or experiment measures or predicts what it is supposed to

78
Q

Informed Consent

A

Giving potential participants enough information about a study to enable them to choose whether they wish to participate

79
Q

Debriefing

A

The postexperimental explanation of a study, including its purpose and any deceptions, to its participants

80
Q

Descriptive Statistics

A

Numerical data used to measure and describe characteristics of groups. Includes measures of central tendency and measures variation

81
Q

Histogram

A

Bar graph depicting a frequency distribution

82
Q

Mode

A

The most frequently occurring score(s) in a distribution

83
Q

Mean

A

The average of a distribution

84
Q

Median

A

The middle score in a distribution, half the scores are below it and half are below it

85
Q

Skewed Distribution

A

Representation of scores that lack symmetry around their average value

86
Q

Range

A

Difference between the highest and lowest scores in a distribution

87
Q

Standard Deviation

A

A computed measure of how much scores vary around the mean score

88
Q

Normal Curve

A

A symmetrical, bell-shaped curve that describes the distribution of many types of data

89
Q

Inferential Statistics

A

Numerical data that allow one to generalize - to infer from sample data the probability of something being true of a population

90
Q

Inferential Statistics

A

Numerical data that allow one to generalize - to infer from sample data the probability of something being true of a population

91
Q

Statistical Significance

A

A statistical statement of how likely it is that an obtained result occurred by chance

AP Psych (9 decks)

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