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AP Psych > Unit 1: History and Approaches > Flashcards

Unit 1: History and Approaches Flashcards

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1
Q

Critical Thinking

A

Don’t “take it how it is” or blindly accept arguments and conclusions

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2
Q

Empiricism

A

Idea that knowledge comes from experience, and that observation and experimentation enable scientific knowledge

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3
Q

Structuralism

A

Early school of thought, promoted by Wundt and Titchener, that used introspection to reveal the structure of the human mind

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4
Q

Introspection

A

Process of looking inward in an attempt to directly observe one’s own psychological processes

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5
Q

Functionalism

A

Early school of thought, promoted by James and influenced by Darwin, that explored how mental and behavioural processes enable the organism to adapt, survive, and flourish

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6
Q

Behaviourism

A

View that psychology
1. Should be an objective science that
2. Studies behaviour without reference to mental processes
Modern psychologists agree with 1 but not 2

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7
Q

Humanistic Psychology

A

Historically significant perspective that emphasized human growth potential

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8
Q

Cognitive Psychology

A

Study of mental processes, such as when we perceive, learn, remember, think, communicate, and solve problems

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9
Q

Cognitive Neuroscience

A

Interdisciplinary study of brain activity linked with cognition (including perception, thinking, memory, and language)

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10
Q

Psychology

A

The science of behaviour and mental processes

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11
Q

Nature-Nurture issue

A

Longstanding controversy over the relative contributions that genes and experience make to the development of psychological traits and behaviours

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12
Q

Natural Selection

A

Principle that inherited traits that better enable an organism to survive and reproduce will (in competition with other trait variations) most likely be passed down to succeeding generations

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13
Q

Evolutionary Psychology

A

The study of the evolution of behaviour and the mind, using principles of natural selection

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14
Q

Behaviour Genetics

A

Study of the relative power and limits of genetic and environmental influences on behaviour

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15
Q

Culture

A

Enduring behaviours, ideas, attitudes, values, and traditions shared by a group of people and transmitted from one generation to the next

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16
Q

Positive Psychology

A

Scientific study of human flourishing, with the goals of discovering and promoting strengths and virtues that help individuals and communities to thrive

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17
Q

Biopsychosocial Approach

A

Integrated approach that incorporates biological, psychological, and social-cultural viewpoints

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18
Q

Behavioural Psychology

A

Scientific study of observable behaviour, and its explanation by principles of learning

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19
Q

Biological Psychology

A

Scientific study of the links between biological (genetic, neural, hormonal) and psychological processes

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20
Q

Psychodynamic Psychology

A

Branch of psychology that studies how unconscious drives and conflicts influence behaviour and uses that information to treat people with psychological disorders

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21
Q

Social-Cultural Psychology

A

Study of how situations and cultures affect our behaviour and thinking

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22
Q

Testing Effect

A

Enhanced memory after retrieving, rather than simply rereading, information

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23
Q

SQ3R

A

Study method with 5 steps: Survey, Question, Read, Retrieve, Review

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24
Q

Psychometrics

A

Scientific study of the measurement of human abilities, attitudes, and traits

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25
Basic Research
Pure science that aims to increase the scientific knowledge base
26
Developmental Psychology
Branch of psychology that studies physical, cognitive, and social change throughout the life span
27
Educational Psychology
Study of how psychological processes affect and can enhance teaching and learning
28
Personality Psychology
An I/O psychology subfield that helps with job seeking, and with employee recruitment, selection, placement, training, appraisal, and development
29
Social Psychology
Scientific study of how we think about, influence, and relate to one another
30
Applied Research
Scientific study that aims to solve practical problems
31
Industrial-Organizational Psychology
Application of psychological concepts and methods to optimize human behaviour in workplaces
32
Human Factors Psychology
Field of psychology allied with I/O psychology that explores how people and machines interact and how machines and physical environment can be made safe and easy to use
33
Counseling Psychology
Branch of psychology that assists people with problems in living (often related to school, work, or marriage) and in achieving greater well-being
34
Clinical Psychology
Branch of psychology that studies, assesses, and treats people with psychological disorders
35
Psychiatry
Branch of medicine dealing with psychological disorders; practised by physicians who are licensed to provide medical treatments as well as psychological therapy
36
Community Psychology
Branch of psychology that studies how people interact with their social environments and how social institutions affect individuals and groups
37
Wilhelm Wundt
"Father of Psychology" and established the first psychological laboratory at the University of Leipzig, Germany
38
G. Stanley Hall
Established the first formal U.S. psychological laboratory at John Hopkins University
39
Edward Bradford Tichener
One of Wundt's students who introduced structuralism and introspection
40
William James
Considered the evolved functions of our thoughts and feelings in the field of functionalism
41
Charles Darwin
Evolutionary theorist who developed theories of natural selection
42
Mary Whiton Calkins
First female president of the APA (American Psychological Association)
43
Margaret Floy Washburn
First woman to recieve a Ph.D. in psychology
44
John B. Watson
Championed psychology as the scientific study of behaviour and conducted the "Little Albert" study
45
B.F. Skinner
Leading behaviourist who rejected introspection and studied how consequences of reinforcement and punishment shape behaviour
46
Sigmund Freud
Founder of psychoanalytic psychology who studied the ways our unconscious mind and childhood experiences affect our behaviour
47
Carl Rogers
Humanistic psychologist who emphasized personal growth potential as a rejection of the psychoanalytic approach
48
Abraham Moslow
Humanistic psychologist who developed the hierarchy of needs
49
Ivan Pavlov
Russian physiologist who pioneered the study of classical conditioning learning
50
Jean Piaget
Cognitive psychologist who developed the most influential theories of cognitive development in children
51
Dorothea Dix
Advocated for more humane treatment of patients with psychological health needs
52
Hindsight Bias
The tendency, after learning an outcome, that one would have foreseen it. (AKA the I-knew-it-all-along phenomenon)
53
Theory
An explanation using an integrated set of principles that organizes observations and predicts behaviours or events
54
Hypothesis
A testable prediction, often implied by a theory
55
Operational Definition
A carefully worded statement of the exact procedures used in a research study EX: human intelligence may be operationally defined as what an intelligence test measures
56
Replication
Repeating the essence of a research study, usually with different participants in different situations, to see whether the basic finding can be reproduced
57
Case Study
A descriptive technique in which one individual or group is studied in depth in the hope of revealing universal principles
58
Naturalistic Observation
Descriptive technique of observing and recording behaviour in naturally occurring situation without trying to manipulate or control the situation
59
Survey
Descriptive technique for obtaining the self-reported attitudes or behaviour of a particular group, usually by questioning a representative, random sample of the group
60
Sampling Bias
A flawed sampling process that produces an unrepresentative sample
61
Population
All those in a group being studied, from which samples may be drawn
62
Random Sample
A sample that fairly represents a population because each member has an equal chance of inclusion
63
Correlation
A measure of the extent to which two factors vary together, and thus of how well either factor predicts the other
64
Correlation Coefficient
Statistical index of the relationship between two things (from -1.00 to +1.00)
65
Variable
Anything that can vary and is feasible and ethical to measure
66
Scatterplot
A graphed cluster of dots, each of which represents the values of two variables. The slope of the points suggests the direction of the relationship between two variables. The amount of scatter suggests the strength of the correlation
67
Illusory Correlation
Perceiving a relationship where none exists, or perceive a stronger-than-actual relationship
68
Regression Towards the Mean
The tendency for extreme or unusual scores or events to fall back (regress) towards the average
69
Experiment
A research method in which a investigator manipulates one or more factors (independent variables) to observe the effect of some behaviour or mental process (the dependent variable). By random assignment of participants, the experiential aims to control other relevant factors
70
Experimental Group
In an experiment, the group exposed to the treatment, that is, to one version of the independent variable
71
Control Group
In an experiment, the group not exposed to the treatment; contrasts with the experimental group and serves as a comparison for evaluating the effect of the treatment
72
Random Assignment
Assigning participants to experimental and control groups by chance, thus minimizing preexisting differences between the different groups
73
Double-Blind Procedure
Experimental procedure in which both the research participants and the research staff are ignorant about whether the research participants have received the treatment or placebo.
74
Placebo
Experimental results caused by expectations alone; any effect on behaviour caused by the administration of an inert substance or condition,which the recipient assumes is an active agent
75
Independent Variable
In an experiment, the factor that is manipulated
76
Dependent Variable
In an experiment, the outcome that is measured
77
Validity
The extend to which a test or experiment measures or predicts what it is supposed to
78
Informed Consent
Giving potential participants enough information about a study to enable them to choose whether they wish to participate
79
Debriefing
The postexperimental explanation of a study, including its purpose and any deceptions, to its participants
80
Descriptive Statistics
Numerical data used to measure and describe characteristics of groups. Includes measures of central tendency and measures variation
81
Histogram
Bar graph depicting a frequency distribution
82
Mode
The most frequently occurring score(s) in a distribution
83
Mean
The average of a distribution
84
Median
The middle score in a distribution, half the scores are below it and half are below it
85
Skewed Distribution
Representation of scores that lack symmetry around their average value
86
Range
Difference between the highest and lowest scores in a distribution
87
Standard Deviation
A computed measure of how much scores vary around the mean score
88
Normal Curve
A symmetrical, bell-shaped curve that describes the distribution of many types of data
89
Inferential Statistics
Numerical data that allow one to generalize - to infer from sample data the probability of something being true of a population
90
Inferential Statistics
Numerical data that allow one to generalize - to infer from sample data the probability of something being true of a population
91
Statistical Significance
A statistical statement of how likely it is that an obtained result occurred by chance

AP Psych (9 decks)

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