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AP Psych > Unit 6: Development > Flashcards

Unit 6: Development Flashcards

1
Q

Genotype

A

Genetic characteristics

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2
Q

Phenotype

A

Physical characteristics

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3
Q

Phenylketonuria (PKU)

A

Inability to produce enzymes to digest proteins. Inherited disorder; autosomal recessive (similar to Tay-Sachs, sickle cell cystic fibrosis). Has neurological impairment

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4
Q

Down Syndrome / Trisomy 21

A

Not usually inherited, usually caused by gene copying error. Has physical growth delays and intellectual disabilities

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5
Q

Germinal Stage

A

Zygote stage 0-2 weeks. Undergoes rapid cell division. XX or XY determined by father. Least vulnerable to environmental influences

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6
Q

Zygote

A

Fertilized egg

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7
Q

Placenta

A

Whatever the mother breathes, eats, or drinks may impact the course of development

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8
Q

Embryonic Stage

A

3-8 weeks. Embryo is provided nourishment and oxygen by the placenta. Organs begin forming, heart begins to beat, central nervous system begins to develop - neural tube closes

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9
Q

Fetus Stage

A

9-38 weeks. Sex organs differentiate, toes and fingers grow, hearing develops, lungs develop, being has rapid growth, bones and muscles develop

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10
Q

Teratogens

A

Any environmental agent that can reach the embryo or fetus during prenatal development and cause harm

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11
Q

Fetal Alcohol Syndrome

A

Epigenetic effect. AKA leaves chemical marks on DNA that switch genes abnormally

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12
Q

Habituation

A

A decrease in responding with repeated stimulation

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13
Q

Brain Development

A

Maturation - biological growth processes that enable orderly changes in behavior, relatively uninfluenced by experience

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14
Q

Motor Development (Physical Coordination)

A

Genes guide motor development - identical twins typically begin walking on the same day

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15
Q

Cognition

A

All the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating

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16
Q

Schema

A

A concept of framework that organizes and interprets information. Mental representation of what we know

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17
Q

Assimilation

A

Interpreting our new experiences in terms of our existing schemas. Using a schema (representation of what we know) to interpret a stimulus - EX a child sees a cat, calls it a dog because it has 4 legs

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18
Q

Accomodation

A

Adapting our current understanding (schemas) to incorporate new information. Altering schemas (representations of what we know) to incorporate new information - EX cats meow, dogs bark, they’re different animals

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19
Q

Piaget Stages - Sensorimotor

A

Birth-2 years. Uses senses and motor skills, items are known by use, object permanence. They take in the world through their senses and actions

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20
Q

Object Permanence

A

The awareness that things continue to exist when not perceived

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21
Q

A-not-B test (Preservative Error)

A

An error in the mental perception of objects seen in infants before the age of 1. By the time an infant is around 8mo, they can realize that objects that are hidden still exist, and have not disappeared

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22
Q

Piaget Stage - Preoperational / Symbolic

A

2-7 years. Symbolic thinking, languaged used; egocentric thinking, imagination/experience grow, child de-centers. Objects & ideas have singular meaning. Pretend symbolic play - objects ‘stand in’ for other objects

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23
Q

Conservation

A

The principle that properties such as mass, volume, and number remain the same despite changes in the forms of objects

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24
Q

Theory of Mind

A

People’s ideas about their own and other’s mental states. Leads to empathy - child can infer the emotional state of a friend who is injured on the playground or left out of a game

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25
Q

Egocentrism

A

Inability to see another’s point of view

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26
Q

Piaget Stage - Concrete Operational

A

7-11 years.
Logic applied, objective/rational interpretations; conservation, numbers, ideas, classifications. Gain mental operations that enable them to think logically about concrete events. Begins comprehending math transformations and stronger sense of conservations
Logical thinking ~age 12, begins to think logically about abstract concepts

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27
Q

Reversibility

A

Numbers or objects can be changed and returned to their original condition

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28
Q

Classificaiton

A

Ability to group objects based on multiple properties

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29
Q

Serialion

A

Arranging objects in order based on a specific classification

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30
Q

Piaget Stage - Formal Operational

A

12+. Thinks abstractly, hypothetical ideas; ethics, politics, social/moral issues explored

31
Q

Stranger Anxiety

A

The fear of strangers that infants commonly display, beginning by bout 8 months old

32
Q

Attatchment

A

A close emotional tie with another person, shown in young children by their seeking closeness to the caregiver and showing distress on separation

33
Q

Body Contact

A

Much parent-infant emotional communication occurs via touch

34
Q

Critical Period

A

An optimal period early in life of an organism when exposure to certain stimuli or experiences produces normal development

35
Q

Imprinting

A

The process by which certain animals form string attachment during an early-life is critical

36
Q

Temperament

A

A person’s characteristic emotional reactivity and intensity

37
Q

Basic Trust

A

According to Erikson, a sense that the world is predictable and trustworthy; said to be formed during infancy by appropriate experiences with responsive caregivers

38
Q

Identity

A

Out sense of self, according the Erikson, the adolescents task is to solidify a sense of self by testing and integrating various roles

39
Q

Social Identity

A

The “we” aspect of our self-concept; the part of our answer for “who am I?” that comes from out group memberships

40
Q

Intimacy

A

In Erikson’s theory, the ability to form close, loving relationships; the primary developmental task in late adolescence and early childhood

41
Q

Emerging Adulthood

A

A period from the late teens to mid 20s, bridging the gap between adolescent dependence and responsible adulthood

42
Q

Identity Status

A

By James Marcia. Identity crisis. Not uniform across all development aspects: work, religion, politics

43
Q

Adolescent Egocentrism

A

By Piaget. Formal operational abstract / hypothetical thinking. Able to imagine how others view them. Leads to an imaginary audience & personal fables

44
Q

Imaginary Audience

A

An adolescent tendency to believe that others are watching and evaluating them (self-conscious behavior)

45
Q

Personal Fable

A

An adolescent belief that they are special and unique, none of life’s difficulties or proles will affect them, regardless of their behavior (risking-taking behavior)

46
Q

Adolescent Risk-Taking Behavior (Biopsychosocial Approach)

A

Biological - Prefrontal cortex unable to mediate actions of limbic system
Social - Influence of peers
Psychological - Personal fable

47
Q

Brain in Aging

A

Regional loss of volume (in frontal lobe, cerebellum). Telomeres shorten, decreased plasticity. Risk of dementia (decrease in the ability to think and remember)

48
Q

Memory in Aging

A

Procedural and semantic stable, decline in working memory, impacts fluid intelligence declines

49
Q

Other Changes in Aging

A

Vision (presbyopia), declining sex hormone levels, loss of muscle mass

50
Q

Menopause

A

The time of natural cessation of menstruation; also refers to the biological changes a women experiences as her ability to reproduce declines

51
Q

Cross-Sectional Study

A

A study in which people of different ages are compared to one another

52
Q

Longitudinal Study

A

Research in which the same people are restudied and retested over a long period

53
Q

Social Clock

A

The culturally preferred timing of social events such as marriage, parenthood, and retirement

54
Q

Puberty

A

The period of sexual maturation, during which a person becomes capable of reproducing

55
Q

Primary Sex Characteristics

A

The body structures that make sexual reproduction possible

56
Q

Secondary Sex Characteristics

A

Nonreproductive sexual traits, such as hips, voice, body hair, etc

57
Q

Merache

A

The first menstrual period

58
Q

AIDS

A

A life threatening, sexually transmitted infection caused by HIV. It depletes the immune system, leaving the person vulnerable to infections

59
Q

Sexual Orientation

A

An enduring sexual attraction towards members of either one’s own sex, the other sex, or both sexes

60
Q

Lawrence Kohlberg

A

Longitudinal study from 1958-178, included 72 males ages 10-16. Conclusions: Identified 3 distinct levels of morality and 2 stages in each level. Progression through stages was consistent among sample. Speed of progression differed by socioeconomic class

61
Q

Level 1 - Pre-Morality

A

Punishment and obedience orientation. Doing what is right because of fear of punishment.

Hedonistic Orientation. Doing what is right for personal gain, perhaps a reward

62
Q

Level 2 - Conventional Morality

A

Interpersonal Concordance Orientation. Doing what is right according to the majority to be a good boy/girl

Law and Order Orientation. Doing what is right because it is your duty and helps society

63
Q

Level 3 - Post-Conventional Morality

A

Social Contract / Legalistic Orientation. Doing what is right, even if it is against the law, because the law is too restrictive

Universal Ethical Principles Orientation. Doing what is right because our inner conscious, which has absorbed the principles of justice, equality, and sacredness of life

64
Q

Gender

A

The socially constructed roles and characteristics by which a culture defines male and female

65
Q

Gender and Aggression

A

Women are more likely to use “indirect aggression” (malicious gossip) and men are more likely to use psychosocial violence

66
Q

Gender and Social Power

A

As leaders, men tend to be seen as more directive and women as more democratic, welcoming other viewpoints and decisions

EX men often talk more assertively, interrupt others, initiate touches, and smile/apologize less

67
Q

Gender Roles

A

Expected behaviors for males and females based on culture

68
Q

Role

A

A set of expectations (norms) about a social position, defining how those in the position ought to behave

69
Q

Gender Stereotypes

A

A schema children develop about the behavior of people based on their gender

70
Q

Gender Schema Theory

A

Children actively form mental categories (schemas) for masculinity and femininity, recognize their own gender role, and select activities to match that role

71
Q

Gender Identity

A

A complex concept that is influenced by biological, psychological, and social factors. Our sense of being male/female

72
Q

Social Learning Theory

A

Theory that we learn social behavior by observing and imitating others, and by being rewarded/punished for acting a certain way

73
Q

Gender Schema

A

Your framework for organizing boy-girl characteristics, which then become a lens through which you view your experiences

74
Q

Transgender

A

Umbrella term that describes people whose gender identity or expression differs from those associated with their birth sex

AP Psych (9 decks)

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