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AP Psych > Unit 9: Social Psychology > Flashcards

Unit 9: Social Psychology Flashcards

(97 cards)

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1
Q

Social Psychology

A

The scientific study of how we thinking about, influence, and relate to one another

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2
Q

Attribution Theory

A

The theory that we explain someone’s behavior by either crediting the situation or the person’s disposition

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3
Q

Fundamental Attribution Error

A

The tendency of observers, when analyzing others’ behavior, to underestimate the impact of the situation and overestimate the impact of personal disposition

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4
Q

Attitudes

A

Feelings, often influenced by our beliefs, that predispose us to respond in a particular way to objects, people, and events

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5
Q

Peripheral Route Persuasion

A

Doesn’t engage systematic thinking, but produces fast results. People respond to incidental cues (such as attractiveness or clothing) and make snap judgements

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6
Q

Central Route Persuasion

A

Offers evidence and arguments that aim to trigger favourable thoughts. Occurs when interested people focus on the arguments and respond with favourable thoughts

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7
Q

Foot-in-the-Door

A

The tendency for people who have first agreed to a small request to comply later with a larger request

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8
Q

Door-in-the-Face

A

The tendency for people to comply with smaller requests after denying a larger request

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9
Q

Role

A

A set of expectations about a social position, defining how those in the position should behave

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10
Q

Cognitive Dissonance Theory

A

Theory that we act to reduce the discomfort (dissonance) we feel when two of our thoughts (cognitions) are inconsistent

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11
Q

Automatic Mimicry

A

Automatic imitation of speech, movements/gestures, facial expressions, etc

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12
Q

Conformity

A

Adjusting our behavior or thinking to coincide with a group standard

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13
Q

Normative Social Influence

A

Influence resulting from a person’s desire to gain approval, or avoid disapproval

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14
Q

Informational Social Influence

A

Influence resulting from one’s willingness to accept other’s optinions about reality

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15
Q

Milgram Shock Experiment

A

Different factors influence people’s behavior & obedience. Mostly related to social pressure, when the victim is far away and others are nearby, especially if they have authority

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16
Q

Birkenhead Drill

A

Code of conduct where the lives of women and children should be saved first in a life-threatening situation

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17
Q

Social Faciliation

A

Improved performance on simple or well-learned tasks in the presence of others

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18
Q

Social Loafing

A

The tendency for people in a group to exert less effort when working together than when held individually accountable

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19
Q

Deindividualism

A

The loss of self-awareness and self-restraint occurring in group situations that foster arousal and anonymity

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20
Q

Group Polarization

A

The enhancement of a group’s prevailing inclinations through discussion within the group

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21
Q

Groupthink

A

The mode of thinking that occurs when the desire for harmony in a decision-making group overrides a realistic appraisal of alternatives

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22
Q

Cultural Influences

A

The enduring behaviors, ideas, attitudes, values, and traditions shared by a group of people and transmitted from one generation to the next

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23
Q

Prejudice

A

Unjustifiable and usually negative attitude towards a group and its members. Generally involves stereotyped beliefs, negative feelings, and a predisposition to discriminatory action
Used to simplify our world

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24
Q

Stereotype

A

A generalized belief about a group of people

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25
Discrimination
Unjustifiable negative behavior towards a group and its members
26
Just-World Phenomenon
The tendency for people to believe the world is just, and that people therefore get what they deserve and deserve what they get
27
Ingroup
"Us"; people with whom we share common identity
28
Outgroup
"Them"; those perceived as different or apart from the ingroup
29
Ingroup Bias
The tendency to favour our own group
30
Scapegoat Theory
Prejudice offers an outlet for anger by providing someone to blame
31
Other Race Effect
The tendency to recall faces of one's own race more accurately then faces of other races
32
Remembering Vivid Caes
We judge the frequency of events by instances that readily come to mind
33
Biology of Aggression
Genetic (animals can be bred for aggression) Diminished activity in frontal lobes Alcohol 'unleashes' aggressive responses High testosterone correlates with effects that precede aggression
34
Frustration-Aggression Principle
Principle that frustration - being blocked from some goal - creates anger, which can generate aggression
35
Aggression Reinforcement and Modeling
Learning can alter natural behaviors. If aggression works for you once, your more likely to try it again in similar situations
36
Social Scripts
Culturally modeled guide for how to act in various situations. May encourage aggression, in the guise of 'acting like a man', in some situations
37
Proximity
People are more likely to like others who live in the same neighborhood, sit nearby in class, work in the same office, etc
38
Mere Exposure Effect
Repeated exposure to a novel stimuli increases liking the stimuli
39
Physical Attractiveness
Affects initial impressions of people's personalities We perceive attractive people as happier, healthier, more successful, etc
40
Attraction Similarity
The more alike people are, the longer their liking endures. Similarity breeds content, dissimilarity often fosters disfavor
41
Passionate / Consummate Love
Aroused state of intense positive absorption in another. Often present in the beginning of a relationship
42
Companionate Love
Deep, affectionate attachment we feel for those with whom our lives are intertwined
43
Relationshiop Equity
A condition in which people receive from a relationship in the same proportion that they give to it
44
Relationship Self-Disclosure
Revealing intimate aspects of oneself to others (likes and dislikes)
45
Altrusim
Unselfish regard for the welfare of others
46
Bystander Effect
A bystander is less likely to assume responsibility for helping if others are present
47
Social Exchange Theory
Theory that our social behavior is an exchange process aiming to maximize benefits and minimize costs
48
Reciprocity Norm
Expectation that people will help, not hurt, those that have helped them
49
Social-Responsibility Norm
Expectation that people will help those needing their help
50
Conflict
Perceived incompatibility of actions, goals, or ideas
51
Social Traps
Situation in which the conflicting parties, each pursuing their self interest, become caught in mutually destructive behavior
52
Mirror-Image Perceptions
Mutual views often held by conflicting people - EX each side sees itself as ethical/peaceful and the other side as dangerous/aggressive
53
Self-Fulfilling Prophecy
A belief that leads to its own fulfillment
54
Peacemaking Step 1
Contact - bring people together to see different perspectives and get on common ground Flaw - groups often think they would welcome contact with other groups, but that other groups do not reciprocate the wish
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Peacemaking Step 2
Cooperation - create feelings of solidarity based on common interests
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Superordinate Goals
Shared goals that override differences among people and require their cooperation
57
Peacemaking Step 3
Communication - when real-life conflict becomes intense, a 3rd party mediator may help with communication
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Peacemaking Step 4
Conciliation - as conflicts intensify, images becomes more stereotypes, judgements more rigid, and communication more difficult. GRIT method
59
GRIT (Graduated and Reciprocated Initiatives in Tension-Reduction)
Strategy designed to decrease international tensions. One side announces it's recognition of mutual interest and intent to reduce tensions, then engages in small, conciliatory acts. The other side can then reciprocate or respond with hostility
60
Biological Influences on Drug Use
Heredity influences some aspects of alcohol use problems
61
Psychological/Social-Cultural Influences on Drug Use
Feeling that life is directionless and meaningless Social roots Peer pressure
62
Flow
Completely involved, focused state of consciousness, with a diminished sense of self and time. A result of optimal engagement of one's skills
63
Industrial-Organization (I/O) Psychology
Applies psychology's principles to the workplace
64
Personnel Psychology
Applies psychology to selecting and evaluating workers. Aims to match people's strengths with work that enables them, and their organization, to flourish
65
Interviewer Illusion
Interviewers overrated their discernment. Interviews also create a false impression of one's behavior
66
Structured Interviews
Interview process that asks the same job-relevant questions to all applicants. Applicants are rated on established scales
67
Organizational Psychology
Considers how work environment and management styles influence worker motivation, satisfaction, and productivity
68
Grit
Passion and perseverance in the pursuit of long-term goals
69
Achievement Motivation
Desire for significant accomplishment, for mastery of skills or ideas, for control, and for attaining a high standard
70
Satisfaction and Engagement
Decreased job stress feeds improved health. Positive moods at work enhance creativity, persistence, and helpfulness
71
Managing Well
Setting specific, challenging goals and choosing an appropriate leadership style
72
Task Leadership
Goal-oriented leadership style that sets standards, organizes work, and focuses attention on goals
73
Social Leadership
Group-oriented leadership style that builds teamwork, mediates conflicts, and offers support
74
Human Factors Psychology
Explores how machines and environment and be optimally designed to fit human abilites
75
Emotions
Have to dimensions - pleasant/positive to unpleasant/negative, and high to low arousal. EX Positive and low is relaxed while positive and high is enthusiastic
76
Anger
When facing a threat/challenge, anger triggers fight. Can also be a response to perceived misdeeds, especially when the act seems willful, unjustified, and avoidable.
77
Catharsis
Releasing aggressive energy relieves aggressive urges
78
Feel-Good, Do-Good Phenomenon
People's tendency to be helpful when already in a good moon
79
Feel-Good, Do-Good Phenomenon
People's tendency to be helpful when already in a good mood
80
Subjective Well-Being
Self-perceived happiness or satisfaction with life. Used, along with measures of objective well being, to evaluate people's quality of life
81
Happiness
Happy people think the world is safer, are more confident & tolerant, make decision and cooperate easily, are more socially connected, and savour positive experiences without dwelling on the negative People are unhappiest at the start of the week, and happiest at the end of the week. Wealth is correlated with happiness and well-being
82
Adaption-Level Phenomenon
Our tendency to form judgements relative to a neutral level defined by our prior experience. Feeds into theory that happiness is relative to our own experience
83
Relative Deprivation
The perception that we are worse off relative to those with whom we compare ourselves Feeds into theory that happiness is relative to others' sucesses
84
Optimists
Expect thinks to go well. Respond to stress with smaller increases in blood pressure
85
Pessimists
Expects things to go badly
86
Social Support
Promotes both happiness and health. Calms us and reduces blood pressure and stress hormones. People are less likely to die early if supported by close relationships
87
Aerobic Exercise
Sustained exercise that increases heart and lung fitness. Used to reduce stress; may also alleviate depression and anxiety
88
Relaxation Response
A state of calm marked by relaxed muscles, slowed breathing and heart rate, and decreased blood pressure
89
Faith Factor
Religiously active people tend to live longer than non-religiously active people
90
CAM (Complementary and Alternative Medicine)
Yet unproven healthcare treatments intended to supplement or replace conventional medicine. Not widely taught in medical schools, used in hospitals, or reimbursed by insurance companies
91
False Consensus Effect
The tendency to assume that one's own opinions, beliefs, attributes, or behaviors are more widely shared than is actually the case
92
Halo Effect
The tendency of a single positive trait to influence a person's impression of a whole
93
Hostile Aggression
A type of aggression that is committed in response to a perceived threat or insult
94
Instrumental Aggression
Harmful behavior engaged in without provocation to obtain an outcome or coerce others
95
Outgroup Homogeneity Bias
The tendency for members of a group to see themselves as more diverse and heterogeneous than they are seen by an outgroup
96
Self-Serving Bias
How we explain our behavior depending on whether the outcome of our behavior is positive or negative
97
Social Inhibition
Opposite of social facilitation - worsened performance on simple tasks in the presence of others

AP Psych (9 decks)

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