Unit 1 Important Info Flashcards
(128 cards)
1
Q
Name three examples of native american societies adapting to their environment before European interaction
A
01 nomadic cultures in arid great plains followed migratory patterns of buffalo
02 iroquois people in northeast forests built wooden longhouses
03 southwest desert groups building canals for irrigation for crops
2
Q
What are some similarities between native american groups pre-colonization?
A
tribal structure
reliant on natural features of specific region
no private property
ritualistic religion with single creator god + other dieties (not like the christian one)
3
Q
What was the doctrine of discovery?
A
document written by pope to justify spanish colonialism for the purpose of converting natives to catholocism
4
Q
what was the encomienda system?
A
spanish government grants land in new world to people
(supposedly) natives given protection in exchange for some labor, actually ended up being exploited
5
Q
Who was Bartoleme De Las Casas?
A
important spanish clergyman, writer, and activist who argued against exploitation of natives
suggested importing enslaved africans as an alternative but eventually regretted it
6
Q
What were the demographics / settlement patterns of spanish colonists?
A
began with mainly men (similar to english)
originally urban, later rural
less focus on settlement than british
7
Q
When was St Augustine created and why was it important?
A
1565 spanish colony in florida
oldest continuous settlement in north america
8
Q
Who was Francisco Vázquez de Coronado? (include year of important activity)
A
spanish conquistador in 1540
explored up to Kansas in search of seven cities of gold
wasn’t successful (death and debt)
9
Q
Who was Juan de Onate? (include year of important activity)
A
1580
conquistador who traveled north from mexico
known for being incredibly brutal -> Acoma massacre of 1599
10
Q
Name 3 notable French colonial explorers in north america and their importance. What were they looking for?
A
cartier - first one
la salle - explored mississippi river
champlain - vermont (lake champlain)
looking for a northwest passage to asia
11
Q
What was the main focus of the French in the americas?
A
fur and cod trade
12
Q
Why didn’t the French establish more settlements?
A
attempted some, but agriculture opportunity wasn’t good (bad climate, low populations)
13
Q
How were the French’s relationships with natives?
A
better than most other european colonizers
initially had some good trade agreements, intermarriage, viewed eachother as equals
ultimately they kept stealing all the french’s land though so conflict came up (mourning wars)
14
Q
What were the mourning wars?
A
part of iriquois cultural tradition in which after a war, they conduct raids into other tribes / the french to replace those they had lost in the war with captives
happened to french as result of conflict with iriquois
15
Q
What was the initial role of the Dutch in european colonization of the americas? How and why did this change?
A
initially very important!
dominated early slave and sugar trade
made the new netherlands (later lost to english and becomes new york)
eventually lost land to english + lost interest in colonialism
16
Q
Who was Henry Hudson? (include year of notable activity)
A
1609
dutch explorer for fur
17
Q
How were relationships between the Dutch and the natives?
A
initially ok (focus on exploration)
soured when government started offering land in exchange for settlers coming over (Algonquin attacks)
18
Q
Describe the start of English exploration and colonization of the Americas. (when, how, why)
A
after other european powers had already started
exploration was able to be sponsored after England became more centralized and politically organized under the Tudors
motivated to start exploring by colonialism, opportunities for profit (capitalism growing as a system)
19
Q
Define primogeniture. Where was it used and what were its effects?
A
system in which the first born male of a family inherits all of the land
used in England, colonial period
made social mobility very difficult - only a small percentage of people are getting land and the rest are scrambling for whatever is not taken up by a big family -> motivation to move away from england (and into north american colonies!!)
20
Q
What were the push and pull factors for early English settlers in the Americas?
A
push:
economy in England is not good
primogeniture - not enough land
overpopulation
pull:
gold
better climate
stop spain from gaining more power
21
Q
What was Roanoke? (include date and impact)
A
1585
first attempt at north american colony by british
in modern day north carolina
colony is started, but England is busy fighting in a way so supplies are delayed in coming over. when they finally get over, all the settlers have disappeared!!
theorized that they went to live with natives but is unknown
caused english to create new strategy - instead of just the government putting down a huge investment in a colony, we should fund them with joint-stock companies
22
Q
Who funded Jamestown and what was their goal?
A
virginia company!! (joint-stock)
made up of private shareholders
sending over colonists to find gold in the new world
23
Q
How did it go initially for colonists in Jamestown? Why was this?
A
bad!!
sickness caused by climate not being as good as expected
no food caused by those who were sent over being aristocrats (unwilling to do physical labor)
tense relationships with native Powhatan confederacy due to them having knowledge of other Europeans
24
Q
What was the starving time?
A
first period of Jamestown’s history
characterized by lots of people dying from starvation / sickness
25
Who was John Smith and what did he do?
colonist in Jamestown who took on a leadership role when everything was going bad (starving time)
starts organizing people and getting them to work so they can have food
attempts to get help from England
makes alliance with Powhatan confederacy (food in exchange for guns for defense against other tribes)
26
What happens to John Smith? What does this cause?
he gets injured and has to go back to England!!
tensions rise between the natives and colonists (he was really important in their relationship)
- also caused by english taking more and more land
27
What was tobacco's role in early Jamestown?
initially the colony wasn't making a profit, but when they got tobacco from spanish they found an opportunity to fix that!!
grows really well in Virginia so they can produce millions of pounds per year to make money
28
What were the main effects of tobacco starting to be grown in Jamestown?
profit!
increased need for labor -> women being brought over in 1619 to make families, headright system and indentured servitude, slavery (first brought over in 1619 also)
29
What was the headright system?
used in early jamestown to get labor for growing tobacco
if investors get a lot of people to come over and become indentured servants, they can get some land in the new world!
30
What were slavery's effects in Africa?
destabilization!
31
What were the effects of slavery on the English?
control of slave trade -> english truly dominates colonialism in americas
32
True or false: some colonies did not participate in slavery.
False - they all did, even if only to a small extent.
33
What was the seasoning time?
second period of Jamestown history caused by growing of tobacco + profits
if you last a year in the colony, you will probably live a decent amount!
people are building immunity to diseases and adapting to climate
sanitation is increasing
lots of immigration! (this is what is causing population increase, not babies yet)
34
What was the class hierarchy like in early Jamestown?
plantation owning families on the very top!
- take all of the good land in the east, leave the worse land in west for lower class people
35
What was the gender hierarchy like in early Jamestown?
women have some economic freedom when unmarried (ability to own property)
women have much less rights when married and are expected to do domestic work
36
What was life like for colonists in early Jamestown during or after the seasoning time? (health, lifestyle, religion)
people are living much more than in the starving time, but life expectancy is still low (lack of medical institutions, still some sanitation issues, population growth from immigration)
lifestyle is very simple for most (bare houses, subsistence agriculture)
religion isn't a huge focus for most people
- not a fundamental part of government
- generally education indicates lots of organized religion and these people were not educated
37
What was the House of Burgesses?
established in 1619
elected form of government in Jamestown (the first one of its type!!)
- only landowning men can vote but still
38
What three important things happened in Jamestown in 1619?
01. first women brought over (prostitutes threatened with punishment) to start families
02. first african slaves imported
03. house of burgesses established
39
Who controlled Jamestown in the early 1620s?
originally virginia company, but their power declined due to conflict with the Powhatan over taking all their land for tobacco
becomes controlled more directly by england (crown colony) in 1624
39
How were relations with natives on Jamestown in the early 1620s?
not good
english keep taking all their land to grow tobacco and give to settlers
Powhatan (chief) dies in 1622 -> direct attacks on Jamestown (lots of death on both sides!!)
40
How did governance change when Jamestown became a crown colony?
(this happened in 1624)
governor is now appointed directly by king
representative voted government still handles matters of lower importance
41
What was the political and economic climate like in Jamestown pre-Bacon's rebellion?
issues are building up!
population is increasing from immigration, but all the good land is gone so people have to settle for bad land in west
too much tobacco in the market (decrease in prices -> economic problems)
conflict with natives, they are attacking mostly the western settlers and the house of burgesses isn't helping
42
What was the primary cause for Bacon's rebellion? (progressive perspective)
natives are attacking westernmost colonists (which includes some free african americans!) and the house of burgesses is more focused on protecting the rich in the east! (class conflict!!)
43
What was the primary cause for Bacon's rebellion? (neo-conservative perspective)
conflict between powerful white guys nathaniel bacon and his enemy colonial governor william berkely
(not classed based)
44
What did Nathaniel Bacon do in Bacon's rebellion? What year did this take place?
1676
gathers and organizes discontent lower class (settlers, previous indentured servants) in west to storm Jamestown!!
successfully burn (some of) it down and take over the government!
but then Bacon dies like right away so they overall lose
45
What were the results of Bacon's rebellion?
rich are scared of indentured servants (they were the ones doing the rebelling) -> **slavery increases**
house of burgesses gives in and starts fighting natives more in the west
Jamestown starts to decline -> Virginia capital moves to Williamsburg
England thinks they maybe need to take more control of the colonies
race becomes legally defined to further divide people and prevent them from organizing
46
What is a proprietary colony? When were they most common?
king grants land to a landowner in england to found their own colony
after 1660s became the majority
47
What was Maryland notable for? When was it founded)
founded in 1634
created as a safe haven for catholics by lord baltimore, but was also populated by poor protestants
made the Toleration Act
48
What was the Toleration Act? When and where was it created?
1649, created in Maryland
granted religious freedom for all types of Christians
49
When were the Carolinas created and what was their original purpose?
1663
outpost against Spanish in the south (prevented them from expanding further)
50
How were the Carolinas structured politically and economically?
similar political structure to House of Burgesses
- established a fundamental constitution inspired by John Locke -> democracy!! (for rich white guys)
originally economically focused on creating food for sugar colonies in Caribbean
- later transition to more plantations with indigo, lumber, rice
51
What was the role of the Carolinas in slavery? How did it impact the colonies? How were slaves seen?
major hub of slavery
originally tried enslaving natives, but failed
imported African slaves after 1699 epidemic (impacted native populations a bunch)
spread African agricultural practices to the Americas
- nigerian cattle farming, ibo rice strain
slaves had some rights! (could grow and sell their own food)
52
Why were english colonists overall unable to enslave natives for forced labor?
they knew the land too well and were susceptible to European diseases
53
What was the Stono Rebellion? When and where did it take place and what were its results?
1739
South Carolina
led by Jemmy
first major organized slave revolt
motivated by rumor that slaves who escaped to spanish-controlled Florida could gain freedom -> mass attempt at escape
illustrated how educated and literate slaves were at this time
eventually were stopped and defeated by militia
result: motivated creation of slave codes to limit slaves' rights
54
What was the major slave code enacted in response to the Stono rebellion? What did it do and when was it created?
1740
Negro Act
made it illegal to educate slaves
55
What was the importance of Georgia? When was it founded, what was its goal, and how did it turn out in reality?
1732
one of last southern colonies
another outpost against spanish and french in florida and louisiana
founded by James Oglethorpe as a place for debtors to start over and improve -> strict moral code (no rum, no slaves so you can do the work yourself)
ideally a good climate to grow Mediterranean crops, but didn't turn out that way -> sugar + cotton
eventually rum and slaves were used
56
What was the religious climate like in England during the early 1500s?
protestant reformation in 1517 -> new protestants want to make a new religion focused society
anglicanism started in 1534, but protestants don't consider it different enough from catholocism -> need for reform!!
separatists want to split of from anglicanism for reform
57
What was the religious identity of the pilgrims? What does this mean?
they were separatists
want to separate off from church of england and make their own religious communities
58
What were the pilgrim's motivations behind leaving England?
want their own religious communities
potential religious oppression from church of england (led by king so they are kind of doing treason)
59
How did the Pilgrims make it to north america? Where did they end up and when?
created the Plymoth company! (joint-stock)
aimed for virginia, but were blown off course to massachusetts
created Plymoth in 1620
60
What was the Mayflower Compact? (include year of creation)
1620
political code made by Pilgrim settlers
democratic - community makes their own laws, majority rule
61
How was it like for the first settlers of Plymoth? Compare this to those of Jamestown.
it was bad for first year (lots of death, similar to Jamestown)
- caused by them being prepared for a virginia climate and not massachusetts)
They were much quicker to start farming than the Jamestown settlers due to their religious conviction
strong work ethic and family roles (not like Jamestown where only single men came over)
62
How were relationships between the pilgrims and the natives?
ok! They had an alliance with the wampanoag tribe against their enemies
63
True or false: The pilgrim's religious convictions and strong work ethic made them have less of a need for indentured servitude or slavery.
True!
64
Who was william bradford?
first governor of plymoth
wanted to create a community centered around God
65
How were the puritans related to the anglican church? Compare this to that of the pilgrims.
they were calvinists and wanted to reform the church but not leave it completely.
pilgrims wanted to leave the church and make a separate reformed version
66
Why did the puritans leave england and come to new england?
beliefs against the government (anglicanism run by the king) so they were kinda treasonous and faced some persecution
wanted to come to new england due to being inspired by the pilgrims
67
How was the puritan development in new england funded? How was this kind of democratic?
massachusetts bay company (joint-stock)
settlers are also shareholders and get a vote in company action
68
What was the great migration? (who, what, where, when, how)
1630-1640
migration of puritans (like 20,000!) over to new england (massachusetts)
first they sent over carpenters builders and city planners to construct towns -> survival is a lot easier than other colonies
69
What were the main ideas used to justify Puritan settlements in new england?
to be a beacon of goodness + morality to the rest of the world (city on a hill)
replaying events from bible -> god has given us a covenant to live in this promised land
starting over from bad in england in unspoiled new world
70
Who was John Winthrop?
first governor of massachusetts bay colony
spread belief in new england colonies as another jerusalem -> god has granted us a covenant for this land
gave city on a hill sermon -> we will shine a light for the rest of the world
71
What were the major religious beliefs of the puritans?
predestination, god is all knowing (both calvinism)
covenant of grace - god will save chosen people
- proven with a public conversion experience (test) to show church you are saved
72
What was the puritan's relationship with education?
placed a big emphasis on it!
big universities established to train ministers + teachers
73
How did puritans view and treat religious authority figures?
bible seen as sole authority
ministers existed more as teachers + guiders
- elected by congregation
74
How were puritan settlements laid out?
highly planned + centered around community
church at center of town, also acted as center of politics
relatively equal land distribution through lottery system
idea of making sure your neighbors are being good neighbors and conforming
75
What is congregationalism?
idea used by puritans
people of a congregation should determine how their church functions (kind of democratic!!)
76
What was puritan family structure like? How did this impact the colonies?
very nuclear family
women have to make as many babies as possible!!
causes medicine to be more important than other colonies at the time to make sure all these babies are healthy
77
What was the political structure of puritan settlements?
stockholders in massachusetts bay company elect representatives for **general court** in boston
charter made for state constitution!
- all churchgoing men (also shareholders) get a vote
- more people (90% of men) have a say in government than in other colonies since its not based on land ownership
78
What was the halfway covenant? (include year of creation, cause, and effects)
1662
new generations and immigrants are less devout to puritanism
children start failing conversion experience and according to previous rules this would mean their children could no longer be baptized -> people are panicking!!
halfway covenant says that unconverted people can still baptize their kids
results: a bunch of controversy! people are conflicting over what they believe is right (sectarianism)
79
What is antinomianism?
idea that christians don't need to follow strict moral guidelines
goes against like all the puritan stuff!
notable antinominalist: anne hutchinson
80
What were the beliefs of Roger Williams? What was the puritan response to these ideas?
we should purchase land from natives instead of just taking it
also religious freedom!!
puritans kicked him out of massachusetts so he founds rhode island
81
What were the beliefs of Anne Hutchinson? What was the puritan response to these ideas?
very individualist - you should listen to your heart when it comes to religion instead of following strict guidelines
antinomianism - christians don't need to follow a strict moral law
like Roger Williams, she was kicked out of MA
82
What was the main reason and secondary reason that slavery was not commonly used in new england?
main reason: climate/geography is not good for plantation farming
secondary reason: pilgrims/puritans have a culture that emphasizes hard work, so they were more willing to do farming work themselves
83
How did the geography of massachusetts impact its economic activity?
not good for plantations, so weren't trading in those kinds of crops
good for lumber and trade (coastal point in triangle trade!!)
84
How does involvement in trade impact massachusetts? What is the puritan viewpoint on this, and how does it impact people's religious beliefs?
trade makes the area wealthy!
puritans don't like big displays of wealth (seen as temptation and distracting from god)
results in a decrease in religious commitment and strict moralism in traders
85
What is the serpent of wealth?
puritan idea that displays of wealth are immoral - temptation/distraction from god
important idea when massachusetts grows wealthy from participation in triangle trade
86
What was the pequot war? (include causes and year)
1637
war between massachusetts settlers and pequot tribe
resulted in slaugher of pequot people
first sustained conflict of this type between british and natives in new england
result of high tensions due to english colonization of native lands, puritan idea that god demands conquest of natives
87
What was king philip's war? (include year, causes, and effects)
1675-76
also known as metacom's war
wampanoag effort to stop puritan colonization of native lands
was very devastating for both sides
causes a decrease in commitment to puritanism -> people believe the world is actually ending
88
What two events motivated the dominion of new england?
king philip's war from 1675-76
bacons rebellion in 1676
89
What happened in the dominion of new england? include dates of event
1686-1689
england takes back control of new england colonies + combines them in a super colony
revoked charters for land and constitutions
instates new governor
90
What was the glorious revoution? include dates of event
1688-1689
motivated end of dominion of new england (previous king of colonies no longer king)
british event in which the former king james II was exiled and replaced with william and mary
when colonists heard about it, they were inspired to launch revolts against the dominion government
91
What were the results of the dominion of new england after it ended?
weakened massachusetts bay company, puritans losing power in colonial government
92
What were the salem witch trials? include year, potential causes, and effects
1692
series of prosecutions of a bunch of people accused of witchcraft
causes: class conflict
- lower class landowners accusing rich and powerful of witchcraft to get back at them
also poor leadership and maybe shrooms
93
What other colonies were established in new england? (not massachusetts) Why were they established?
conneticut and new hampshire
founded by people leaving massachusetts out of discontent
94
Name the 4 middle colonies.
pennsylvania, new york, new jersey, delaware
95
What were the major shared characteristics between the middle colonies?
mostly proprietory
culturally and religiously diverse
focus on both farming and trade
political divide between big landowners and city merchants
96
How did the area's previous colonial rulers affect new york under the english?
previously dutch (new netherlands)
dutch were tolerant of cultures and super prosperous
cultural tolerance sticks around
rich dutch people left behind when colonies are taken by england make up the big landowning class and are super powerful!!
97
What was NYCs initial importance?
center of trade, including slave trade
98
Who was John peter zenger? Why was he important? include a date
new yorker, went on trial in 1730 due to things he had published that were super critical of the governor
he won, which was maybe an ideological basis for the freedom of the press
99
What was pennsylvania founded for?
quaker religious utopia!
but not just for quakers (they believed in equality and stuff), there was freedom of religion there
100
Describe quakerism.
branch of Protestantism that rejects social hierarchies and loves equality!! (class, racial, gender)
101
What was pennsylvania initially like, and how did this change over time?
initially a big religious utopia with freedom and equality and cool stuff
super culturally diverse due to this
- also from english civil war which motivated immigration there
later become more hierarchical and involved in slave trade
102
How did pennsylvania make money? (what was their economy based around)
grew grain for caribbean colonies and also participated in triangle trade (philedelphia)
103
What was the frame? include a date
1682
charter in pennsylvania that mandates religious freedom and basic rights
104
What motivated the enlightenment? When did it start and end?
1660s - 1770s
reformation -> calvinists emerge
- they believe in predestination and a natural hierarchy
pushback to this involved other events such as the scientific revolution, which emphasized reason and evidence
105
What were some of the major ideas of the enlightenment?
truth must be proven by individuals (don't just listen to what the church tells you)
deism
natural rights
- people must consent to be governed
optimism, potential for change and improvement
106
What is deism?
idea of christianity in which god set into motion a logical and rational world
ex.) god as a watchmaker who gets the world going but doesn't interfere after it starts
107
How did enlightenment ideas influence american viewpoints?
idea that american continent is "unspoiled" and that you can move there and make something for yourself
control your own destiny!!
108
What were the beliefs of benjamin franklin?
deism
religious tolerance
individualism
calvinism bad >:(
109
What was the great awakening? include dates
1730s - 1740s
kind of counterpoint to enlightenment
religious revitalization, emphasis on emotion in religion
110
What were the major causes of the great awakening?
decline of puritans, less religious conformity
economic prosperity - worry that people are becoming too focused on money
individualism - we want a return to religion but not to that old stuff
111
Who was jonathan edwards? what were his beliefs and what were his effects on the colonies?
evangelical in the great awakening
anti-enlightenment, fixed truths are real and we need to go back to them
sinners at the hands of an angry god sermon -> if you haven't been devout god is mad at you!!
- gave it across the colonies
sermons across multiples colonies -> religious community forming between previously more separate colonies :0
112
Who was george whitfield? What did he believe and what was his impact?
methodist evangelist
preached about a new birth and salvation across colonies
- facilitated formation of religious community across colonies
113
What were the results of the great awakening?
new form of religion popularized, loss of old religious beliefs (traditional puritans -> individualists, practicing religion with emotion!!)
increased unity between colonies
optimism about the future - things can change for the better
individualism
differentiation from england!!
114
How were the great awakening and the enlightenment similar?
ideologically opposed events, but had similar effects
- individualism, optimism about future, positive view towards change, unity between colonies
115
What did ben franklin believe about the differences between the british and (american) colonists>
colonists are less "cultured", more practical and simple
(rich people are more involved with british proper culture though)
116
By 1700, what was population growth in the colonies coming from? What were the effects of this?
lots of people are being born in the colonies (never lived outside of them)
immigrants are less british and more german, scots-irish
effects: increasing disconnect from england culturally
117
Describe the triangular trade on the atlantic.
north american colonies send raw materials to europe
europe sends manufactured goods to north america + africa
africa sends enslaved people to north america
118
How does industrialization relate to the state of the colonies at this time?
europe is industrialized
- in uk, this is made possible by raw materials from colonies
consumer revolution -> demand for manufactured goods is super high
colonies are not industrialized, so they need to get manufactured goods from europe -> trade imbalance!!
- colonies import more finished goods than they export raw materials
119
What is the first stage of empire? what years does this encompass, and what is this period characterized by?
era of benign abandonment
1607-1650
initial settlements are not controlled directly by english government
- instead joint-stock companies
royal governor is in place, but elected democratic colonial legislature controls everyday issues
- also colonial government taxes itself! (people are consenting to be taxed by them specifically)
120
What is the second stage of empire? include dates and general description of characteristics
era of militarism
1650-1720
mercantilism is in use and enforced so that britain can fund wars with other colonial powers
- dominion of new england, navigation acts
- unfavorable trade relationships for colonies with britain
121
What motivates the british to start using mercantilism?
they have become more powerful among colonial powers and are now involved in a bunch of wars with them -> need for money!!
- can tax english people or make more favorable trade relationships with colonies with mercantilism!!
122
define mercantilism.
economic system in which the colonies buy goods only from the mother colony (country doing the colonizing) and trade raw materials only to them
- really benefits mother colony!! they get as much goals as possible and don't have to compete with other states for their colonies' trade
123
How is mercantilism enforced in the british colonies?
dominion of new england
navigation acts which regulate colonial trade and make it hard for colonies to trade with other countries
124
What were the navigation acts?
acts that limited colonial trade to enforce mercantilism
01 all goods must be shipped on british ships
02 raw materials go only to england
03 colonies can't do any manufacturing
04 goods from other countries must be inspected
05 imported goods are taxes so people don't buy them
125
What were the effects of mercantilism on england and its colonies?
increased trade
colonists are going into debt from all these english manufactured goods and import taxes
colonies can't do manufacturing
increased reliance on english goods in colonies due to consumer culture
colonies are dissatisfied
126
What problems arose in the enforcement of mercantilism on english colonies?
smuggling isn't that hard! (the ocean is big and people don't want to pay taxes)
127
What was the third stage of empire? include dates, characteristics, and impact
era of salutary neglect
1720-1754
enforcement of navigation act becomes laxed - british are turning a blind eyer to the smuggling
impact:
colonial legislature is gaining power since british are stepping back!
increasing sense of economic independence in colonies :D
