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APUSH > Unit 4 Important Info > Flashcards

Unit 4 Important Info Flashcards

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1
Q

describe the beliefs of an irreconcilable historian

A

cause of civil war is primarily slavery
slavery was a huge issue, and differences in thought around it made the civil war inevitable
north is clearly motivated by antislavery
abraham lincon was a necessary figure

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2
Q

describe the beliefs of a revisionist historian

A

civil war was not bound to happen
north and south actually agreed mostly on racial stuff
slavery was not a major cause of the civil war
fanatics on both sides led war, not representative of public opinion

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3
Q

describe manifest destiny: who, what, when, what influenced it

A

john o sullivan coined term
idea that us should take over north american continent
used as intellectual justification for westward expansion
influenced by puritan thought, romanticism, jefferson and jacksonian democracies

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4
Q

describe how tyler was viewed in office. what were some of his political beliefs, and what were the immediate effects of them? give dates too

A

1841-1845
doesn’t really align with whig party who voted him in
succession after harrison died was unclear so people kind of resent him
opposed american system + vetoes bank and tariffs
result: kicked out of whig party, democrats don’t want him either
cabinet resigns

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5
Q

describe the webster-ashburton treaty: what, where, when, why

A

1842
confirms us canada border in northeast
us gains mesabi range in missouri, where there is lots of coal and iron
caused by dispute over aroostook territory in northern maine

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6
Q

describe the controversy over the oregon territory under tyler

A

americans are settling there
BUT both the us and uk claim the territory -> calls for war!!

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7
Q

describe the controversy over the texas region under tyler.

A

us settlers invited to settle in texas region after mexico gains their independence
they were told to be catholic and not bring slaves but they do the opposite -> rebellion
texas republic forms. not strong enough on own so want to be annexed by us
BUT WAIT!! they would be a slave state and that would upset the balance in senate!!

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8
Q

describe who was on both sides of the controversy over the texas region under tyler

A

in favor:
- tyler
- jc calhoun
- cotton whigs
- southern democrats
against:
- conscience whigs
- northern democrats

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9
Q

How did the controversy over the texas region under tyler influence the whig party?

A

divisions!!
northerners = conscience whigs - scared of expansion of slavery
- some are abolitionists, some want western territory free for white people
southerners = cotton whigs, pro-slavery

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10
Q

what is the tyler-texas treaty? (what, when, why, significance)

A

1844
proposed treaty to add texas to union without balancing it out
result of controversy over texas region, tyler is pro adding texas
shut down in congress by conscience whigs and northern democrats

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11
Q

describe the election of 1844

A

main topic is the annexation of texas
whigs: clay
- informally agrees to not talk about texas / slavery
democrats: james k polk
- ally of andrew jackson
- loves western expansion
- promises to annex texas
- and annex oregon “54’40” or fight!!”
- and annex california
liberty party: james g birney
- in favor of abolition!
liberty party takes enough votes from whigs to make democrats (james k polk) win!

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12
Q

describe tyler’s lame duck

A

period between a new president being elected (polk) and them being inaugurated
during this time, tyler convinces everyone to annex texas in exchange for creating the free state of wisconsin

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13
Q

describe foreign policy relating to the oregon territory under polk (what, why, significance)

A

drops the 54’40” or fight :(
negotiates with british for a lower parallel
wants to focus on expansion in south, not fighting wars in north
causes sectionalism, alienates northern democrats

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14
Q

describe the lead up to the us sending troops into contested territory with mexico

A

john slidell’s mission - polk attempts to buy cailfornia from mexico, but is denied because mexico is mad over texas
more minor issue: us doesn’t like catholics
border is unclear between newly us texas territory and mexico
- mexico recognizes border as nueces river
- us recognizes it as rio grande (further into mexican territory)

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15
Q

describe the major event causing the mexican-american war in the short term.

A

polk sents troops to rio grande (territory claimed by both us and mexico)
mexico fires on us + kills 16 americans

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16
Q

How did different people feel about potentially declaring war on mexico (mexican american war?)

A

mostly everyone thinks we should declare war
- democrats unified in favor of war
whigs are divided
- northerners don’t want to potentially add more slave states but don’t want to be seen as unpatriotic (think of what happened to the federalists) so they mostly vote in favor
some opponents including abraham lincoln
- spot resolution - “the blood was actually spilt on disputed territory. polk sent our guys in there on purpose to start a war”

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17
Q

what is the spot resolution?

A

argument by abraham lincoln
the blood was spilt in disputed territory! polk literally did this on purpose

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18
Q

what were the years of the mexican american war

A

1846-1848

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19
Q

what were some of the major results of the mexican american war

A

rise of important political figures (of course)
- grant, lee, jackson, sherman, taylor, fremont
us gets lots of territory in mexican cession
displays the power of us to europe (first war won without their help!)
relations with latin america get worse

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20
Q

describe the debates over how to make a treaty with mexico after the mexican american war

A

polk: i want all of mexico!
whigs + some dems: no thats ridiculous we only need some
- some dems dont want too much land because they dont like mexicans, north don’t like it because they don’t want more slave states
- whigs are dominant in house so polk has to settle

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21
Q

describe the treaty of guadalupe-hidalgo

A

1848
nicholas trist
establishes how much land us gets from mexico in mexican cession
- texas border at rio grande
us gets a bunch of land in exchange for $15 million

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22
Q

describe the wilmot proviso

A

1846
david wilmot
what north wants with mexican cession - no slavery
we want the territory to be open for white settlers
upset that we didn’t get all of oregon
doesn’t pass

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23
Q

describe the calhoun memorandum

A

what south wants with mexican cession - new territories open to slavery (popular sovereignty)
based on 5th amendment - government can’t interfere with private property

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24
Q

how do the north and south disagree on what to do with the mexican cession?

A

north: wilmot proviso - no slavery in mexican cession
south: calhoun memorandum - there should be popular sovereignty there

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25
describe the election of 1848
main issue: slavery in mexican cession whigs: war hero zachary taylor (millard fillmore vp) democrats: divided due to sectionalism - northerners want van buren again - end up nominating lewis cass who likes popular sovereignty free soil party - nominates van buren, supports wilmot proviso - appeal to conscience whigs and northern dems free soil party gets enough votes from democrats so that whigs win! zachary taylor is president
26
how does the north view slavery during taylor + fillmore presidencies
wants to stop slavery from spreading don't want slavery to eventually get into their states not so much because slavery is evil, more so that they are racist - don't want to live with african americans - don't want competition with unpaid labor free african americans do have some opportunities in north though
27
what are the results of the california gold rush? also give dates thanks
1848-1849 now there are so many people in california so they apply for statehood as a free state !!! taylor: what if we do california free and new mexico as slave - northerners: no!!! eventually settle on compromise of 1850, which passes
28
what are the 5 parts of the compromise bill
also known as compromise of 1850 01. california admitted as free 02. new mexico admitted with popular sovereignty 03. no slave trade in DC 04. stronger fugitive slave act 05. texas's debt absolved
29
what are the results of the compromise of 1850?
senate balance tipped towards free states by california fugitive slave act very controversial in north!! - northern governments now have to put state gov resources into supporting slavery - some moral opposition -> ralph waldo emerson overall just a bunch of sectionalism south is scared of slavery being restricted and eventually dying off it did kind of work tho - 1852 midterms were centered around who could best fulfill the compromise!
30
how are social demographics changing in 1800-1850 period?
increase in immigration (especially irish + german!) shift from agriculture to manufacturing growing economic inequality w/ growing middle class -> less social mobility - also idea that poverty is your fault, if you want a better spot just work harder lol jobs are initially plentiful, but not anymore
31
describe the factors that caused the second great awakening (also dates sorry)
1800-1831 lots of migration westward -> people are lacking community structures -> movement towards religion again market revolution caused a focus on money
32
describe the characteristics of beliefs of the second great awakening
individualism - you have the power to do good and get better and be involved in your own salvation - different from first great awakening with this
33
what are camp meetings?
important part of second great awakening gatherings in west to listen to preachers emotional outlet, community formation -> cane ridge KY, 1801
34
who was charles G finney?
father of second great awakening/ modern revivalism preacher in burned over district focus on human actions leading to salvation, not so much on work of god like in first great awakening used white middle class women to bring people into the church (radical at the time!) most effective in smaller towns
35
what is the burned over district
region in western new york greatly impacted by second great awakening charles g finney preached here
36
who was lyman beecher?
other major preacher in second great awaking (with charles finney) acknowledge sin -> surrender to god -> salvation for all any individual can overcome their desire for sin focused on applying religion to daily life, not so much on doctrine important figure in temperance movement
37
who were the shakers?
attempt at utopian society creation in second great awakening gender equality, celibacy founded by ann lee attacked established institutions
38
describe the attempts to create utopian societies in the second great awakening (3)
shakers - gender equality, celibate, attacked established institutions brook farm - largest oneida - most successful, group marriage overall failures
39
what christian denominations were most popular in the time period of the transcendentalism movement?
starting in like 1830 methodists + baptists connects to cult of domesticity beliefs which were widespread during that time
40
describe mormonism
jacob smith very us centric appeals to people who were harmed by market revolution met with a bunch of hostility so they move west and end up in utah
41
describe transcendentalism and some important people in the movement
starting around 1830 challenges rationalism and materialism causes development of unique national american identity margaret fuller - first female intellectual ralph waldo emerson - "nature" thoreau - "Civil disobedience"
42
describe the cult of domesticity / true womanhood
important figure: catherine beecher men operate in public sphere, women operate in private sphere limits power of women in public obviously but also gives the more power in the home - there, they are not subservient idea that women should maybe be educated so they can do the best possible job at home stuff exists in north and west, not really south
43
what is the benevolent empire
campaign of moral and institutional reform inspired by second great awakening done a lot by women! they create voluntary associations to help their community, replace the role of family for people without it want to help society are able to because they are having less kids so they have more free tie (also more money) supported by whigs!!
44
what is the temperance movement?
stop alcohol use / addiction rates of alcohol consumption were very high in 1820s in men american temperance society made to stop alcohol consumption lyman beecher participating a lot able to decrease alcohol consumption by 1830s!
45
what is the american temperance society
1826 made as part of temperance movement to stop alcohol addiction nationwide participation! supported by local and state governments also has some anti-immigrant nativist sentiment - don't like irish because they drink too much able to decrease alcohol consumption by 1830s
46
describe the education reform movement
horace mann free and public education paid for with property taxes! - preps kids for working in factories, obedience - also standardized and compulsory not so much in south - education still restricted to wealthy there opposition - poor, immigrants, farmers - we need our kids out of school working so we can feed ourselves!
47
describe the reform of special institutions
schools for disabled people - gallaudet school for deaf (1817) - perkins institute for the blind (1832) moving away from solitary confinement in prisons -> auburn system - prisoners go to repent - prisons resemble society to facilitate rehabilitation dorothea dix - journalist who argued for mentally ill being separated from prisoners and helped
48
who was dorothea dix
female journalist 1830s argued that mentally ill should be separated from criminals in prison and helped -> mental hospitals (insane asylums)
49
describe the early abolition movement
still small but growing william l garrison - radical moral anti-slavery guy - the liberator newspaper (1831) - american anti-slavery society funded by tappan brothers david walker - we need to use force to end slavery harriet tubman - underground railroad frederick douglass - the north star (1847) internal conflict over rights of women, some wanting peaceful change vs some wanting violence
50
describe william L garrison
radical anti-slavery white guy slavery is immoral!! highly motivated by religion also believes in full rights for women the liberator newspaper (1831) led american anti-slavery society (1833)
51
describe the women's rights movement (like 1830s)
women are participating in abolition and become aware + willing to fight against their lack of rights - denied entry into world anti-slavery convention seneca falls convention (1848) - declaration and sentiments of the rights of women - elizabeth stanton susan b anthony - helps organize movement sojourner truth, maria steward, sarah + angeline grimke
52
how is the economy of the upper south changing in this period?
shifting towards diversification of crops, not just tobacco/cotton innovations from market revolution -> less need for slavery -> sell slaves to south -> second middle passage some industry growing here, but not finished goods
53
what is the second middle passage?
slaves in upper south being sold to deep south on a large scale caused by new technology from market revolution causing less need for slaves
54
how is the economy of the deep south in this time period?
staying the same heavy investment in land + slavery -> can't really change, will be thrown off when those things become uncertain with civil war only 25% of white southerners own slaves, only 1% more than 50 - disproportionate political influence from rich and powerful number of slaveholders is decreasing overall, but wealth is increasing land use for cotton is increasing + moving westward into states like alabama and mississippi after 1840, 1/2 of all us exports are from cotton :0
55
what are non slave-owning white people in the deep south like?
yeoman farmers still support slavery though because they dream to one day own slaves also pine barrens at edge of society support idea of white superiority -> fans of slavery
56
describe uncle tom's cabin and its impact
harriet beecher stowe, 1852 negative response to fugitive slave act in compromise of 1850 exposes horrors of slavery to northerners with great success increases abolitionist thought based on morality
57
describe "the impending crisis of the south" and its impact
hr helper, 1857 anti-slavery for economic reasons idea that non-slaveholders are victims of the wealthy planters who have all the power
58
How does commercial farming change in the north and west during this period and why?
increases greatly caused by transportation! - railroads especially - also helped increase western expansion + commerce
59
describe the slave experience in this period
after the nat turner rebellion, rebellions become more subtle - everyday resistance, running away slaves find hope in the invisible institution of religion and family structure population of slaves is increasing due to natural reproduction
60
describe the experiences of irish immigrants in industrial north
very bad conditions in factory system! south looks at this and says "you guys in the north are basically enslaving these people! at least we feed out slaves!"

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