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Unit 7 Important info Flashcards

1
Q

define pragmatism and relativism

A

develop in late 19th century
PRAGMATISM:
things are true if they can be proven
focus on practical results
ends justify the means
unless proven otherwise, your thoughts are true
religion + science coexisting
RELATIVISM:
truth is relative to your perspective
optimism -> science can be used to fix government + solve other problems
pessimism -> if there are no fixed truths life has no meaning
- no fixed morality -> science can be used for anything, like chemical warfare
- eugenics
- no moral truths -> movement back to traditional structures, KKK revival
BOTH:
there are no absolute truths!!

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2
Q

what is populism?

A

ideology involving organizing the people against the elites
populist party wants to advance interests of poor farmers in south and west

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3
Q

what is chatauqua

A

moving university / festival thing
driver of 3rd great awakening
gathering here causes unity among farmers

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4
Q

what different factors drive deflation which hurts farmers?

A

new farming machines increase output and decrease prices of agricultural products
industrial competition
gold standard

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5
Q

what happens to farms when there is deflation?

A

can’t pay back their debts
foreclose on their farms
bought up by bonanza farms

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6
Q

what does the national grange do

A

work for policies that cause inflation
want state govs to regulate railroads -> success with munn v illinois, creation of ICC, lose with wabash cases
role in compromise of 1890
- accept mckinley tariff of 48%
- sherman silver purchase act, antitrust act
evolve into farmers alliances

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7
Q

describe the compromise of 1890

A

compromise between interests of farmers and industrialists, but mostly favors industry
mckinley tariff (48%)
sherman silver purchase act
sherman antitrust act

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8
Q

describe the mckinley tariff

A

part of compromise of 1890
48%
not super great for farmers but grange leaders accepted it

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9
Q

describe the sherman silver purchase act

A

part of compromise of 1890
government will buy some silver every month from miners to put into currency
not enough silver is going to be bought to cause the inflation that farmers want

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10
Q

describe the farmer’s alliances

A

successor to grange movement
1877-1890s
more fragmented, coordinated in states but not nationally
unity between southerners, westerners, african americans
successful in local 1890s elections, not nationally

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11
Q

describe the platform of the people’s party

A
  1. currency reform - 16:1 ratio of silver:gold in circulation
    - unlimited coinage of silver
  2. direct election of senators
  3. referendums - people vote on some laws directly
  4. sub-treasury to buy and store goods from farmers
  5. nationalization of railroads
  6. income tax
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12
Q

what is a referendum

A

law which the people vote on directly
contrast to laws which are voted on by representatives
people’s party wants more of them

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13
Q

describe the election of 1892

A

populists: james weaver
republicans: benjamin harrison
- not very effective
democrats: grover cleveland
- not very pro-farmer
cleveland wins with a small margin
populists win in some farming / mining states

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14
Q

what is the panic of 1893?

A

worst depression of the 19th century!!
unemployment!!
cleveland responds by sticking with gold standard which upsets + alienates farmers
causes class conflict (pullman strike, coxey’s army)

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15
Q

describe coxey’s army

A

march on DC as a result of panic of 1893 and subsequent depression
demanded government help for unemployed
not really successful but its cool that they made it to DC

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16
Q

what is the significance of the 1894 midterms

A

democrats are losing control of government
- reps win house, populists win some stuff
democrat party splits!!
pro-silver align with populists to be new democrat party
pro-gold join republicans

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17
Q

what is the fourth party system

A

democrats are pro-silver (merged with former populists)
republicans are pro-gold

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18
Q

describe the election of 1896
differences in platform, beliefs on economy, how campaign is run

A

republicans: william mckinley
- gold standard
- kicks out silver republicans
- supply-side economics, let businesses do what they want
- front porch campaign - just an average guy answering questions from my home
democrats: william jennings bryan
- basically people’s party
- cross of gold speech
- percolator theory - government should create good conditions for citizens to boost economy (workers can buy more)
- train campaign - travels across country and gives speeches

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19
Q

define the cross of gold speech

A

1896
william jennings bryan
electrifying speech supporting silver in currency and tearing down gold standard
gold standard causes deflation which hurts farmers
represents increase in partisan divisions over gold standard
really motivated democrats to nominate bryan for president

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20
Q

define supply-side economics

A

republican platform in election of 1896
government should allow businesses to do what they want to solve depression

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21
Q

define percolator theory

A

democrat platform in election of 1896
to fix depression, government should create good conditions for citizens so that workers can buy more

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22
Q

describe the front porch campaign

A

william mckinley in election of 1896
“I’m just an average guy answering questions at my home :)”
meanwhile campaign staff is active getting donations

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23
Q

describe the train campaign

A

william jennings bryan in election of 1896
travels across country and gives speeches
focuses on farmers and ignores east coast workers -> alienated from democrat party
- they don’t like inflation because it increases food prices

24
Q

how is the depression from the panic of 1893 eventually resolved?

A

during mckinley administration
gold is discovered in new territory of alaska -> more gold in circulation -> everyone is happy :)
natural disasters in europe -> more international demand for agricultural goods -> prices increase -> farmers are happy

25
Until the late 19th century, how was us foreign policy?
mostly isolationist -> washington's farewell address, expansion mostly limited to north america starts to shift after civil war
26
describe the significance of the us's purchase of alaska
1867 bought from russia exemplifies shift after civil war from isolationism to interest in expansion past north america seems a bit silly at the time but there is actually a lot of gold and oil there which is really great for the economy -> gold found there resolves depression from panic of 1893
27
describe the economic motivations for empire
want new markets for selling crops, manufactured goods want raw materials for industry depression of 1893 makes us want these things even more want to prevent worker unrest with feeling of nationalism that comes with expansion
28
describe the cultural motivations for empire
spread "civilization," christianity white man's burden us is racially superior -> we need to improve everyone else
29
describe the intellectual motivations for empire
frontier thesis - democracy is formed by expansion, so we need more expansion to save democracy social darwinism - expansion helps nations prove themselves - need a canal to unite oceans to improve naval power
30
describe the formal empire in hawaii
US missionaries and pineapple companies had been there for a while - mckinley tariff would have made us businessmen in hawaii pay to export goods to us -> pressure Hawaii government to be annexed by US overthrow queen liliukalani and ask for annexation from us - initially us says no but later say yes and take over hawaii
31
how does the us revive the monroe doctrine?
controversy between britain + venezuela in 1895 - territorial disputes - us gets involved under cleveland and threatens britain to back off - maybe cleveland just did that so that irish people would vote for him
32
when was the spanish american war
1898
33
why does the us declare war on spain in the spanish american war
big us business presence in cuba which is under spanish control economic decline causes increase in cuban independence movement -> spain violently suppresses it public outrage in us! - yellow press facilitates outrage by pumping out often false sensationalist articles - jingoism - demands military action immediately delome letter causes more outrage uss main explodes mysteriously -> even more calls for war mckinley is hesitant (wobbly willy) but he declares war so that he can be reelected next term
34
what is the yellow press?
type of journalism which prioritizes sensationalism and outrage-causing headlines over fact-checking especially surrounding situation in cuba pre spanish american war caused widespread outrage in us over situation in cuba -> us involvement with spanish american war important writer : william randolph hearst with the new york journal - makes up outrageous stuff to outsell competitors
35
what is jingoism
advocacy for military aggression in foreign policy, extreme nationalism result of sensationalism in yellow press, caused spanish american war
36
who was william randolph hearst
yellow press guy wrote for new york journal made up outrageous stuff about cuba to outsell competitors
37
what was the delome letter
written by spanish ambassador to us criticized and humiliated mckinley - called him weak and only trying to get the favor of the crowd used as justification for declaring war on spain
38
what is the significance of the uss maine
stationed in havana harbor, cuba to protect us business presence there mysteriously explodes in 1898 -> causes increased outrage against spain, leading to spanish american war
39
what are the major results of the spanish american war
new territory: guam, puerto rico, philippines cuba is independent theodore roosevelt becomes war hero -> becomes mckinley's vice president treaty of paris -> debates in us over imperialism
40
what did the treaty of paris 1899 do
us buys philippines from spain for $20 million cuba is free us takes puerto rico and guam as territories -> help us get across ocean to philippines (they take hawaii around here too) -> puerto rico can protect future canal in central american
41
what was the anti-imperialist league
1898-1920 response to us taking territories of guam, puerto rico, phillippines after spanish american war imperialism is bad!! what about washington's farewell address? wars drain resources that could be used on welfare programs
42
what is the argument for the treaty of paris 1899
all the other world powers have empires imperialism is good for business we can spread democracy
43
describe the election of 1900
mckinley wins because public likes treaty of paris 1899
44
how do the philippines respond to being taken over by the us
filipino-american war (1899-1902) - us militarily occupies philippines -> rebellion, us brutality (including the concentration camps that everyone freaked out about in cuba!!) - racial disparity (white minority in power) people back home in us freak out about all this -> gentler imperialism - send over white us teachers to spread civilization
45
how does puerto rico respond to being taken over by the us
question: do constitutional rights and citizenship extend to colonies?? -> foraker act (1900) - PR gets limited local self government -> insular cases (1901) - puerto ricans want to vote - downes v bidwell (1901) - no, constitution doesn't apply to territories
46
what are unincorporated vs incorporated territories
unincorporated: constitution doesn't apply, regulated by congress incorporated: more white settlers -> eventually become states
47
describe the foraker act
1900 puerto rico gets some local self government governor is appointed by us president citizens aren't us citizens (by 1917 they get citizenship but not voting)
48
what are the insular cases?
"opinions by the Supreme Court of the United States in 1901 about the status of U.S. territories acquired in the Spanish–American War" included downes v bidwell - said that constitution doesn't apply to to unincorporated territories
49
describe downes v bidwell
1901 part of insular cases over issue of puerto ricans wanting to vote in us elections conclusion that constitution doesn't apply to territories - congress regulates them
50
describe the teller amendment
1898 amendment declaring that the us will never annex cuba still a lot of informal empire there but formally cuba is allowed to remain independent
51
describe the platt amendment
1903 treaty between us and cuba us gets a naval base in cuba us can send in troops if it perceives cuba's independence to be threatened came after teller amendment, which declared that us would not annex cuba kind of working around that to exert control over cuba allows us to interfere a bunch
52
how does the us's informal empire expand to china?
us really wants to export textiles and food to china and own chinese railroads, but so do all the other world powers open door notes say that all of the world powers should be able to use china's ports equally and be treated the same by china
53
describe the open door notes
1899, 1902 declarations by the us that all world powers should be able to use china's ports equally china should remain independent china should treat all powers equally did this because everyone else had been dividing up china so that different countries can trade at different ports example of us interest in expanding its informal empire to china
54
describe the big stick policy
theodore roosevelt's approach to foreign policy in case negotiating peacefully goes wrong, we should have a strong military so that we can maintain our interests worldwide
55
describe the roosevelt corollary
1904 addition to monroe doctrine us has the right to militarily intervene in latin america to stabilize economies motivated by uk + german blockade of venezuela, meant to scare them away used by us as excuse to interfere with latin america using the military to protect us business interests
56
how did the panama canal come to be?
started by france controlled columbia and finished by us us wants an easier way to get to island territories columbia doesn't want to give the land to the us -> us supports revolution for panama's independence -> treaty which gives panama canal to us
57

APUSH (19 decks)

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