Unit 7 Vocab Flashcards
(33 cards)
16th amendment
Who: ratified under wilson
What: created a federal graduated income tax
Where:
When: ratified 1913
Why: made it easier for federal government to do taxes
Significance: impact of progressivism on federal government under wilson
17th amendment
Who: under wilson
What: direct election of senators
Where:
When: ratified 1913
Why: increases democracy
idea that if properly informed people will do the right thing
Significance: impact of progressivism on government under wilson
part of the populist party’s platform
limits lobbying, fights interests of railroad and timber industries
Clayton Antitrust Act
Who: under wilson
What: no interlocking directorates
Where:
When: 1914
Why: progressivism
Significance: protects unions and labor
progressivism under wilson
worked together with federal trade commission to stop trusts!! wilson is creating new laws now to stop them
Coxey’s Army
Who: joseph coxey
What: march on DC demanding government help for unemployed
Where:
When: 1894
Why: panic of 1893, depression and sticking with gold standard hurts farmers
Significance: notable for successfully reaching DC
didn’t actually have an impact though :(
Crime of ‘73
Who: Ulysses S Grant
What: law which ended coinage of silver into currency
Where:
When: 1873
Why: improved conversion between international currencies
Significance: farmers really hate it because it causes deflation
disadvantages miners because silver can no longer be turned into currency
Cross of Gold Speech
Who: william jennings bryan
What: electrifying speech supporting silver in currency and tearing down gold standard
Where:
When: 1896
Why: gold standard causes deflation which hurts farmers
Significance: represents increase in partisan divisions over gold standard
really motivated democrats to nominate bryan for president
de Lome Letter
Who: by spanish ambassador to mckinley
What: letter criticiing mckinley
Where:
When: 1898
Why: mckinley is weak for only wanting the favor of the crowd
Significance: humilitates mckinley
used as justification for spanish american war
dollar diplomacy
Who: Taft
What: us encourages businesses to invest in latin american governments to stabilize them with money
Where:
When: 1909-1913
Why: attempt to further interests of us internationally without military intervention
Significance: prevents economic dominance by rivals
still ended up doing military intervention when govs can’t pay back loans
new governments support us but aren’t all that democratic
Downes v Bidwell (insular cases)
Who:
What: supreme court case over whether or not puerto rico is impacted by the constitution
Where:
When: 1901
Why: unclear at this point if puerto rico is considered part of the us and if its citizens have us rights
Significance: ruling that constitution does not apply to territories
split between unincorporated and incorporated territories
Election of 1896
Who: reps: william mckinley
dems: william jennings bryan
What: republicans:
- gold standard
- supply-side economics
- front porch campaign
democrats:
- basically people’s party
- percolator theory
- train campaign
Where:
When: 1896
Why: split based on gold vs silver
Significance: mckinley wins
first presidential election of fourth party system
populists die off + merge into democratic party
gold standard sticks around
problems democrats were trying to addressed are naturally resolved when gold is discovered in new territory of alaska, natural disasters in europe
Election of 1912
Who: roosevelt - bullmoose party
taft - republicans
wilson - democrats
debs - socialists
What: bullmoose: new nationalism - big regulatory government
democrats: new freedom - no monopolies, small government
Where:
When: 1912
Why: roosevelt joins after ballinger pinchot affair
Significance: roosevelt running splits republican votes and allows democrats to win
socialists are growing in influence!
Eugene v Debs
Who:
What: took part in pullman strike
ran for president
very important socialist
Where:
When:
pullman strike - 1894
president - 1904, 1908, 1912, 1920
Why: advocating for workers rights!!
Significance: by the end of his attempts for presidency he was getting a decent amount of votes!! people actually like socialism because progressivism isn’t solving their problems
Federal Reserve Act
Who: wilson
What: created federal reserve system - national banking system
Where:
When: 1913
Why: resolve economic problems from panic of 1907
Significance: contrasted with idea he ran for election with of new freedom, which involved small government, and this is more big government
open door notes
Who: under mckinley
What: declarations by the us that all world powers should be able to use china’s ports equally
china should remain independent
china should treat all powers equally
Where:
When: 1899, 1902
Why: everyone else had been dividing up china so that different countries can trade at different ports
Significance: example of us interest in expanding its informal empire to china
Gentlemen’s agreement 1907
Who: roosevelt
What: informal agreement between us and japan
roosevelt will end racial segregation against japanese americans in return for japan agreeing to restrict immigration
Where:
When: 1907
Why: roosevelt wants a good relationship with japan
people don’t like that japanese people are immigrating to west coast
Significance: didn’t end all discrimination, just some law stuff
its still difficult to be japanese on west coast
Lockner v New York
Who: under roosevelt
What: case regarding a law restricting the number of hours bakers could work in NY
Where:
When: 1905
Why: NY creates law that bakers can only work 10 hours per day
supreme court declares it unconstitutional to restrict the rights of workers to seek more hours
Significance: step backwards for workers rights
contrasted with mueller v oregon which successfully kept a law limiting the hours of laundresses, which is great for progressives but not for feminists
Mueller v Oregon
Who: under roosevelt
What: case over oregon law limiting the number of hours laundresses could work
Where:
When: 1908
Why: oregon law limiting female laundresses to working 10 hours per day, ruled constitutional
Significance: victory for progressives! but its kind of fueled by sexism because similar case lochner v ny didn’t pass
Mann Elkins Act 1910
Who: taft
What: law which expands the power of ICC to close loopholes railroad companies had taken advantage of
government sets railroad rates, establishes commerce court -> faster rulings on RR related cases
Where:
When: 1910
Why: progressivism!!
close loopholes for ICC
Significance: most important act limiting the power of railroad companies
McKinley Tariff
Who: william mckinley
What: tariff of 48% on imported goods
Where:
When: 1890
Why: benefits domestic industrialists
Significance: not great for farmers as tariffs decrease foreign demand for agricultural products
Muckrakers
Who: ida tarbell, lincoln steffens, upton sinclair
What: progressive journalists that exposed social issues
Where:
When: late 19th and early 20th century
Why: populism! exposing corruption and wrongdoing to protect common people
Significance: mostly white because progressivism is not racially inclusive
different from yellow press because they actually wanted to tell the truth
NAACP
Who: ida b wells, web dubois
What: national association for the advancement of colored people
Where:
When: 1909
Why: general progressivism excludes african americans so they are forced to organize on their own on the sidelines
Significance: very important in advancing civil rights
Northern Securities Case
Who: northern securities company
under roosevelt
What: case regarding northern securities company violating the sherman antitrust act
Where:
When: 1904
Why: sherman antitrust act
Significance: northern securities company dissolved for monopolistic practices
sets precedent for more antitrust suits
Panic of 1893
Who: began under clevelant
What: economic depression!
Where:
When: begins 1893
Why: variety of international factors
Significance: worst depression of 19th century
really hurts farmers and everyone else
motivates mckinley’s election in election of 1896
cleveland responds by sticking with gold standard, alienating farmers and allying with conservative democrats and republicans -> 4th party system
Pinchot-Ballinger controversy
Who:
What: taft fires white house employee (pinchot) who roosevelt worked closely with on topics of conservation
Where:
When: 1909
Why: pinchot made accusations against ballinger (ally of taft)
Significance: motivates roosevelt to run again for president -> republican party split in election of 1912
